Phonology One
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Questions and Answers

What is phonology primarily concerned with?

  • The sound system of a language (correct)
  • The vocabulary of a language
  • The grammatical structure of sentences
  • The written representation of language

    • Phonology is a topic that is often heavily emphasized in early teacher development.

    False (B)

    What is the phonemic chart used for?

    To represent the sounds of English.

    In phonology, a sound refers to a specific ____ of a particular language.

    <p>phoneme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of phonology with their focus areas:

    <p>Phonology 1 = Sounds Phonology 2 = Features of Connected Speech Phonology 3 = Intonation Phonology 4 = Pronunciation patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for a teacher to clarify pronunciation?

    <p>To make language more understandable and fluent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sounds take precedence over reading and writing skills in language development.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three parts of the phonology component in the current course?

    <p>Sounds, Features of Connected Speech, Intonation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which consonants are classified as voiced bilabial plosives?

    <p>/b/ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    /s/ is an example of a voiced fricative.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between /p/ and /b/?

    <p>Voicing; /p/ is unvoiced and /b/ is voiced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The English nasal consonants include /m/, /n/, and ______.

    <p>/ŋ/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following consonant categories with their descriptions:

    <p>/tʃ/ = Voiced affricate /dʒ/ = Unvoiced affricate /m/ = Nasal consonant /l/ = Lateral consonant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are affricates primarily produced?

    <p>By completely blocking airflow and then releasing it as a fricative. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All vowels are considered voiced sounds.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a semi-vowel?

    <p>A sound that is primarily a consonant but has vowel-like qualities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two sounds /s/ and /z/ are examples of ______ and voiced fricative respectively.

    <p>voiceless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of consonant discussed?

    <p>Diphthong (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a phoneme?

    <p>The smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish two words (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sum and thumb are differentiated by multiple phonemes.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the wrong phoneme occasionally cause in spoken language?

    <p>Ambiguity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each phoneme can be pronounced in different ways, which are called __________.

    <p>allophones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sounds with their descriptions:

    <p>/p/ = A stop consonant made with the lips /f/ = A fricative consonant made with a narrow opening /m/ = A nasal consonant where the air escapes through the nose /l/ = A lateral consonant involving the tongue and the alveolar ridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spoken form of language is influenced by the adjacent phoneme in contextual usage?

    <p>Allophones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vowels are produced with significant constriction of the airflow in the mouth.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phoneme that indicates a clear 'l' sound in the word 'little'?

    <p>The first /l/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The IPA stands for __________.

    <p>International Phonetic Alphabet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a fricative consonant?

    <p>A sound that is produced with audible friction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Every language has its own phonemic chart that varies by dialect.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two examples of consonant sounds mentioned in the content?

    <p>p and t</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first sound in the word 'that' becomes like a __________ before the word 'book'.

    <p>p</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of sounds with their characteristics:

    <p>Stop = A sound completely blocked Nasal = Air blocked in the mouth but escapes through the nose Lateral = Sound produced with the tongue obstructing airflow Fricative = Sound produced with friction as air passes through narrow opening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vowel sound is represented by the highest and most frontal tongue position?

    <p>/iː/ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The schwa /ə/ is considered one of the least common sounds in English.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in vowel length between '£50' and '£15' primarily attributed to?

    <p>The length of the vowel sound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vowel sound /uː/ involves rounded lips, while /iː/ involves ________ lips.

    <p>spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each vowel sound with its description:

    <p>/iː/ = High front position /uː/ = High back position /ɒ/ = Low back position /æ/ = Low front position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Moving from /uː/ to which vowel sound involves changing from a high back to a low back position?

    <p>/ɒ/ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All monophthongs in English are considered to be long vowel sounds.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of English makes the schwa sound /ə/ frequently used?

    <p>English is a stress-timed language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sound does Jean-Pierre substitute for /ð/?

    <p>/z/ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Minimal pair exercises are solely focused on word production.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a minimal pair?

    <p>A pair of words differentiated by only one phoneme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The student should respond ______ to the sounds designated by different numbers or colors.

    <p>1 or 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following word pairs to their phonetic focus:

    <p>day / they = Discrimination of /d/ and /ð/ doze / those = Discrimination of /d/ and /ð/ ship / sheep = Discrimination of /ɪ/ and /i:/ dare / there = Discrimination of /d/ and /ð/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus when helping students like Jean-Pierre with discrimination?

    <p>Discriminating between known and new sounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What methods can be used to help students compare sounds?

    <p>Using drawings to repeat pairs of words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Teaching students about minimal pairs is a new method in phonology learning.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a diphthong?

    <p>/aʊ/ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Centring diphthongs glide towards /ɪ/ or /ʊ/.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three stages of teaching sounds?

    <p>Discrimination, Recognition, Production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vowel sound that represents a glide towards /ə/ is called a __________ diphthong.

    <p>centering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diphthongs with their examples:

    <p>/ɪə/ = ear /eɪ/ = pay /ɔɪ/ = boy /eə/ = there</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sound do Spanish speakers lack in their phonetic inventory?

    <p>/ʃ/ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Triphthongs involve shifting between three vowel positions.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the glide in diphthongs?

    <p>The movement from one vowel sound position to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sound /θ/ is an example of a voiced __________.

    <p>fricative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following English diphthongs with their corresponding words:

    <p>/əʊ/ = go /aɪ/ = sigh /aʊ/ = how /ʊə/ = sure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diphthong is exemplified by the word 'pay'?

    <p>/eɪ/ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discrimination in teaching sounds refers to recognizing sounds without comparing them to others.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one common phonetic challenge for French speakers when learning English.

    <p>/θ/ and /ð/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the recognition stage, students must identify a __________ sound.

    <p>specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phonemes with their characteristics:

    <p>/p/ = voiceless bilabial plosive /b/ = voiced bilabial plosive /f/ = voiceless labiodental fricative /v/ = voiced labiodental fricative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sound does the example 'shut your finger in the door' represent?

    <p>/aʊ/ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tongue should touch the roof of the mouth when pronouncing the /r/ sound.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sound is represented by the phrase 'Curious tourists with their courier'?

    <p>/ʊə/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To describe the sound /a:/, you can say it is the '________ the baby' sound.

    <p>holding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pronunciation techniques with their corresponding sounds:

    <p>/a:/ = Holding the baby sound /ʊə/ = Curious tourists example /aʊ/ = Shut your finger in the door sound /r/ = Curve the tongue tip upwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The commentary indicates that reading aloud is always effective for improving pronunciation.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using 'comic' curiosities in earlier books about pronunciation?

    <p>To provide concentrated focus on particular sounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the two items whose meanings change when one phoneme is altered?

    <p>Minimal pairs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Voicing refers to sounds produced without the vibration of the vocal cords.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a phoneme formed by combining two monophthong sounds?

    <p>Diphthong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability to distinguish between two sounds heard together is known as __________.

    <p>discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phonological concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Allophone = Different articulations of the same phoneme Voicing = Production involving vocal cord vibration Phoneme = A sound that cannot be altered without changing meaning Minimal pair = Two items with changed meanings due to a single phoneme change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'Voice-Setting'?

    <p>A holistic approach to understanding speech configuration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'Allophone' refers to a different type of phoneme.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phonological features that are vital for clear communication, especially among non-native speakers?

    <p>Lingua franca core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sounds are considered essential in the Lingua Franca Core for intelligible communication?

    <p>Vowel length (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Learners should be corrected on the pronunciation of the sounds /ð/ and /θ/ for effective communication.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical desire of learners who will mostly interact in English with other non-native speakers?

    <p>To focus on communication rather than native speaker proficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three diphthongs in the Lingua Franca Core are /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, and _____ .

    <p>/əʊ/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features with their classification regarding pronunciation correction:

    <p>/ð/ and /θ/ = Should not be insisted upon Vowel length = Essential feature Consonant clusters = Should not be insisted upon Tonic stress = Essential feature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern for educators regarding English as a Lingua Franca?

    <p>Promoting mutual intelligibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Standardization of pronunciation is essential in teaching English as a Lingua Franca.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Jenkins, what linguistic aspects are significantly influenced by a learner's first language?

    <p>Pronunciation and phonological features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In English as a Lingua Franca, the ultimate goal is to achieve _____ communication among speakers.

    <p>mutual intelligibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following English sounds with their descriptions of articulation.

    <p>/s/ = Produced with the tongue against the teeth /f/ = Created by touching the top teeth to the bottom lip /v/ = Resulted from a voiced version of /f/ /z/ = Voiced fricative produced with similar tongue placement as /s/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of learners is most likely to benefit from a less strict adherence to native speaker norms?

    <p>Learners engaging in global business communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All English phonemes must be pronounced correctly for effective communication.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term 'Lingua Franca Core' as discussed by Jennifer Jenkins?

    <p>It identifies phonological features that are crucial for effective communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sounds /s/ and /z/ are known respectively as _____ and _____ fricatives.

    <p>voiceless, voiced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each learner's pronunciation challenge with its description regarding the core features.

    <p>Chinese learner = Non-standard form influence Colombian learner = Different phonological features Japanese learner = Simplified phonetic output Spanish learner = Altered production of consonant clusters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Phonology

    • Phonology is the study of a language's sound system.
    • Early teachers may neglect phonology due to difficulties in marking sounds and intonation, and the phonemic chart can feel like another alphabet to learn.
    • Understanding pronunciation at different levels (sound, word, sentence, text) is crucial for effective pronunciation instruction and clarity for language learners.
    • The current course divides phonology into three parts: Sounds, Connected Speech, and Intonation.

    Understanding Sounds

    • Sounds and Phonemes: Language consists of structured sounds (or their written representations). Sounds are fundamental and precede writing.
    • Phonology uses the term "phoneme" instead of "sound" for precision. A phoneme is the smallest sound unit that differentiates words.
    • Example: "sum" and "thumb" differ only by the phoneme /s/ vs. /θ/. Context helps disambiguate potentially ambiguous pronunciation.
    • Listeners can handle occasional errors, but too many errors degrade comprehensibility.

    Phonemes and Allophones

    • A phoneme is a generalized category of sound.
    • Allophones are variations of a phoneme.
    • Example: /l/ in "little" has clear and dark allophones depending on the preceding sound (clear before vowel, dark before consonant).
    • These variations result from least effort (avoiding unnecessary movements) and neighboring sounds.

    Vowels and Consonants

    • Consonants involve airflow blockage (stops, fricatives, nasals, laterals). Vowels have no significant airflow constriction.

    • Consonant production uses articulators (tongue, lips, teeth, palate).

    • Specific characteristics of consonants:

      • Articulation point (where made)
      • Articulation manner (how the air is altered)
      • Voicing (vocal cord vibration)

    • Example: /b/ is a voiced bilabial plosive (lips, air stopped and released).

    • /p/ is an unvoiced bilabial plosive.

    Consonants (continued)

    • Consonants are classified as fricatives, plosives, affricates, nasals, laterals, semi-vowels (approximants).
    • Continuants can be sustained without variation.
    • Charts/resources (interactive resources, phonemic charts, apps) are available.
    • Ideas for production practice include: using visual demonstrations (e.g., "holding a baby" for /a:/), interactive exercises (e.g., listening and responding to questions), and using specific phrases for practicing particular sounds.

    Vowel Sounds (Monophthongs)

    • Monophthongs are single vowel sounds.
    • A phonemic chart visualizes vowel production areas in the mouth.
    • Vowel production involves tongue position (high, mid, low; front, central, back) and lip rounding (rounded, unrounded).
    • Monophthongs in the example sentence "See Sue not Nat" include /iː/, /uː/, /ɒ/, /æ/.
    • Vowel length is important. Example: "fifty" and "fifteen" are distinguished by the length of the vowel sound, not word stress.
    • The schwa /ə/ is the most common short vowel sound in English. This weakening of sounds between stressed sounds relates to English's stress-timed nature.

    Vowel Sounds (Diphthongs and Triphthongs)

    • Diphthongs involve a glide (transitioning) from one vowel sound to another. Example: /əʊ/ in "go."
    • Triphthongs involve a glide through three vowel sounds. Example: /flaʊə/ in "flower."
    • Common English diphthongs include /ɪə/, /əʊ/, /eə/, /eɪ/, /ʊə/, /aɪ/, /aʊ/, /ɔɪ/.
    • Classification: Centring diphthongs glide toward /ə/. Closing diphthongs glide towards /ɪ/ or /ʊ/.

    Teaching Sounds

    • Teachers need not cover all sounds; English learners already possess similar sounds.
    • Focusing on specific problem areas based on students' first languages (L1) is key.
    • Learners might have difficulty with /θ/, /ð/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, and /r/ (flapped, depending on L1).
    • Examples: Spanish speakers might struggle with the /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/ sounds.
    • Discrimination, Recognition, Production are key stages.
    • Minimal pairs (words that differ by only one sound like "day/they") exercises enhance discrimination and accent reduction.
    • Teacher must be patient in learning the different production aspects. Learning to hear a sound is essential prior to producing it.
    • Pronunciation instruction is contextualized better by considering English as an International Language (EIL), also known as English as a Lingua Franca (ELF). EIL/ELF acknowledges that not all features of English are crucial for communication.

    English as an International Language (EIL)/English as a Lingua Franca (ELF)

    • English is used globally by both native and non-native speakers mostly with non-native speakers.
    • This usage suggests prioritizing communication over native-speaker proficiency.
    • Lingua Franca Core: A set of phonological features crucial for comprehensibility e.g. all individual sounds except/θ/ and /ð/, vowel length, monophthongs, diphthongs /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/ (these are consistently pronounced in different varieties of English) and tonic stress.
    • Features that should not be insisted on: /ð/ and /θ/, consonant clusters, weak forms, and connected speech.
    • Context and student preferences are important factors.

    Voice Setting

    • Voice setting is a holistic approach to pronunciation. Different languages have diverse articulatory configurations.
    • Observing facial and articulatory movement (tongue, jaw, lips) in non-native speakers can help learners to understand these movements.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamentals of phonology, focusing on the study of sound systems in language. Participants will learn about phonemes, connected speech, and intonation, essential for effective pronunciation instruction. Understanding these concepts is vital for enhancing clarity and comprehension for language learners.

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