Introduction to Philosophy
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Questions and Answers

Which discipline explores the fundamental characteristics of beauty, asserting that true beauty exists independently of beautiful objects?

  • Epistemology
  • Cosmology
  • Aesthetics (correct)
  • Theodicy

A philosopher argues that moral principles are reflections of the universe's immutable laws. With which concept does this alignment resonate most?

  • Theodicy
  • Appeal to Force
  • Nature of Man
  • Cosmology (correct)

According to the concept of Normative Science, what is mankind's ultimate purpose?

  • Understand the nature of beauty
  • Achieve perfection through regulated actions (correct)
  • Establish laws that govern human behavior
  • Study the universe to understand our place in it

Thomas Hobbes' perspective contrasts with the idea that the true nature of man does good. What best describes Hobbes' view?

<p>Man is inherently evil and rationally selfish. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the relationship between an object and its intended effect/purpose, how does fulfilling its specific purpose relate to achieving its true nature?

<p>It enables the object to accomplish perfection and achieve its true nature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which field of study is concerned with investigating the origin, extent, and validity of human knowledge?

<p>Epistemology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A theologian argues that a Supreme Being is simple and timeless. Which area of study does this align with?

<p>Theodicy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the attribute or quality that makes a thing what it fundamentally is?

<p>Essence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Thomas Aquinas, what is the primary method by which philosophy acquires knowledge?

<p>Natural reason applied to ultimate causes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of reality is primarily addressed by Aquinas' exploration of existence?

<p>The fundamental nature of being and existence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Aquinas' philosophy, what constitutes the 'essence' of a thing?

<p>The defining characteristic that makes it what it is (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within Aquinas' cosmological argument for the existence of God, what is the significance of the 'first mover'?

<p>It is an unmoved mover, the source of all motion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does logic function as both a science and an art?

<p>By guiding reason systematically and creatively to avoid error (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a 'fallacy' as defined in the context of logic?

<p>A flawed or faulty argument (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes argumentum ad baculum from other types of logical fallacies?

<p>It uses threats or force to compel acceptance of a conclusion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of a 'concept' in logic?

<p>It is an intellectual representation of the essence of something. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures the essence of René Descartes' philosophical approach?

<p>Systematically doubting all beliefs until a self-evident truth is discovered, epitomized by 'Cogito ergo sum'. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the etymological breakdown of 'philosophy' reflect its core meaning?

<p>It highlights the pursuit of understanding and wisdom through love ('Philia') of wisdom ('Sophia'). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes philosophical arguments from other forms of reasoning, according to the text?

<p>Use of natural reasons and logical analysis to explore fundamental questions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the focus of metaphysics as a branch of philosophy?

<p>The investigation of the fundamental nature of reality beyond physical appearance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept does 'Qua being' represent within the realm of metaphysics?

<p>The study of the fundamental aspects that constitute a being. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the philosophical concept of an 'unmoved mover,' typically associated with Aristotle, relate to cause and effect?

<p>It posits a prime mover that initiates all change without itself being subject to change, acting as the ultimate cause. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person claims that knowledge can only be derived from sensory experience, which philosophical stance are they most closely aligned with?

<p>Empiricism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the rationalist perspective, exemplified by Descartes, primarily approach the acquisition of knowledge?

<p>Through reason, logic, and innate ideas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Philosophy

Derived from Greek words 'Philia' (love) and 'Sophia' (wisdom), it translates to 'love of wisdom'.

Philosophy's Aim

The pursuit of understanding the fundamental causes and nature of reality through logical reasoning.

René Descartes

A French philosopher and scientist known for 'Cogito ergo sum'.

"Cogito ergo sum"

'I think, therefore I am,' expressing that the act of thinking proves one's existence.

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Rationalist Philosopher

A philosopher who emphasized rationalism and believed in doubting everything before accepting it.

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Metaphysics

A branch of philosophy that explores the fundamental nature of reality, existence, and being.

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"Qua Being"

The study of the most basic and essential aspects that constitute a being.

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Philosophical Arguments

Philosophers argue based on natural reasons as the way to find proof on a subject.

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Aquinas' Definition of Philosophy

The science of all things through ultimate causes, discovered by natural reason.

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Motion (Aquinas)

Everything originates from something else.

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Fallacy

A 'flawed' or 'faulty' argument in reasoning.

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Argumentum ad baculum

An argument based on a threat or force.

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Logic

A science and art that guides the act of reasoning in a clear, orderly, and error-free way.

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Concept

The representation of the essence of something in the mind; an intellectual image.

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Essence

The unchanging fundamental nature or definition of something.

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Unchangeable Nature of a Concept

The inherent, underlying nature of a concept that cannot be changed without altering its identity.

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Cosmology

The study of the universe, its origin, evolution, and eventual fate.

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Theodicy

The study of the nature of a Supreme Being or God, often described as simple and not subject to time.

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Normative Science

Science that establishes norms for the regulation and direction of human actions to achieve human perfection.

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Aesthetics

The study of the true nature of beauty, which exists independently of beautiful things.

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Nature of Object

The idea that object is designed to fulfil a specific purpose/effect, by fulfilling this purpose, the object will accomplish perfection and achieve its nature

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Epistemology

The study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge.

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Nature of Humankind

Some believe the true nature of man is defined by their actions, such as to “do good”.

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Study Notes

  • Ethics is taught by Prof. Jayson Dalwatan in the 2nd Semester of the 2024 school year.

Philosophy

  • Philosophy translates to "love of wisdom", combining "Philia" (love) and "Sophia" (wisdom) from Greek.
  • It searches for the root cause of everything, with philosophers arguing based on natural reasons.

René Descartes

  • René Descartes was a French philosopher and scientist.
  • Descartes stated "Cogito ergo sum", meaning "I think therefore I exist".
  • He doubted everything, advising to doubt before accepting anything, focusing on concepts and knowledge.

St. Thomas Aquinas

  • St. Thomas Aquinas defined philosophy as "the science of all things through ultimate causes acquired by natural reason.”
  • Aquinas emphasized the importance of "why".
  • He proved God's existence in five ways.
  • Aquinas used "motion" as proof, stating every motion comes from something, and without a first mover, there would be no motion.

Branches of Philosophy: Metaphysics

  • "Meta" means beyond, and "Physiks" refers to natural physical appearance.
  • Philosophers argue reality is beyond physical appearance.
  • Being qua being studies the fundamental aspects of being, which constitute a being's existence
  • Essence refers to the thing that makes a thing a thing.

Logic

  • Logic is a science and an art in reasoning, ensuring orderly, clear, and error-free thought.
  • Fallacy means flawed faulty argument.
  • Argumentum ad baculum is using threat or appeal to force.

Cosmology & Theodicy

  • Cosmology studies the universe.
  • Theodicy studies the nature of a Supreme Being or God.
  • God as is described as simple and not subject to time

Aesthetics & Epistemology

  • Aesthetics is the study of the true nature of beauty, which exists independently of beautiful things.
  • Epistemology studies the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge.
  • Essence in epistemology refers to what makes something what it is.

Normative Science

  • Normative science establishes norms.
  • It regulates and directs human actions, in order to perfect the nature of man.

Nature of Man

  • The true nature of man is “to do good”.
  • An object fulfills its nature by achieving its designed purpose.
  • Thomas Hobbes believed that humans are inherently evil and selfish , claiming man's selfishness is rational.

Nature of a Concept

  • Concept refers to the representation of essence in mind, serving as an intellectual intentional image.
  • A concept's nature is unchangeable because it is not subject to change.
  • The unchanging nature of a concept is the same as the nature of right and wrong.

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Description

Introduction to Philosophy covers the etymology of philosophy, key figures like René Descartes and St. Thomas Aquinas, and branches like metaphysics. Philosophy, meaning 'love of wisdom,' seeks the root cause of everything through natural reason. Descartes' 'Cogito ergo sum' and Aquinas' proofs of God's existence are also discussed.

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