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Questions and Answers
What is the primary aim of philosophy as defined in the content?
What is the primary aim of philosophy as defined in the content?
Which Greek philosopher is mentioned as the first to use the term philosophy?
Which Greek philosopher is mentioned as the first to use the term philosophy?
How is philosophy described in relation to practicality?
How is philosophy described in relation to practicality?
According to St. Thomas Aquinas, what type of beings exist eternally and cannot not exist?
According to St. Thomas Aquinas, what type of beings exist eternally and cannot not exist?
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What are the roots of the word ‘philosophy’ derived from?
What are the roots of the word ‘philosophy’ derived from?
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In philosophy, how is critical thinking characterized?
In philosophy, how is critical thinking characterized?
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Which aspect of truth does philosophy emphasize?
Which aspect of truth does philosophy emphasize?
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What does the term 'contingent beings' refer to?
What does the term 'contingent beings' refer to?
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What are the two divisions of the human mind described in the content?
What are the two divisions of the human mind described in the content?
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What characterizes the unconscious part of the mind?
What characterizes the unconscious part of the mind?
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Which level of human nature refers to the bodily structure and conditions shaped by culture?
Which level of human nature refers to the bodily structure and conditions shaped by culture?
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Which component is NOT part of the behavioral level of human nature?
Which component is NOT part of the behavioral level of human nature?
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What is the nature of human behavior as described in the content?
What is the nature of human behavior as described in the content?
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At which level does Filipino or American human nature distinctively emerge?
At which level does Filipino or American human nature distinctively emerge?
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In the context of human nature, what does the term 'static' imply?
In the context of human nature, what does the term 'static' imply?
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Which aspect of human nature is responsible for an individual's mental reaction to stimuli?
Which aspect of human nature is responsible for an individual's mental reaction to stimuli?
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What are the four causes identified by Aristotle?
What are the four causes identified by Aristotle?
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What is considered the ultimate object of knowledge?
What is considered the ultimate object of knowledge?
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Which type of reasoning is characterized as having no limitations?
Which type of reasoning is characterized as having no limitations?
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What is Doxa in the context of philosophy?
What is Doxa in the context of philosophy?
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What is the purpose of philosophy according to the provided content?
What is the purpose of philosophy according to the provided content?
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How is real wisdom defined in the content?
How is real wisdom defined in the content?
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Which form of reason is associated with faith?
Which form of reason is associated with faith?
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What does Truth involve according to the description?
What does Truth involve according to the description?
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What is the primary focus of axiology in philosophy?
What is the primary focus of axiology in philosophy?
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Which philosophical approach emphasizes the continuous process of inquiry and skepticism about knowledge?
Which philosophical approach emphasizes the continuous process of inquiry and skepticism about knowledge?
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What does metaphysics primarily concern itself with?
What does metaphysics primarily concern itself with?
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Which term refers to the genuine acknowledgment of another person as a unique being?
Which term refers to the genuine acknowledgment of another person as a unique being?
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What is the essence of personal making present in interpersonal relationships?
What is the essence of personal making present in interpersonal relationships?
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Which characteristic is not typically associated with human nature?
Which characteristic is not typically associated with human nature?
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Philosophy of the Human Person primarily aims to study which aspect?
Philosophy of the Human Person primarily aims to study which aspect?
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What does the term 'cultural construction' refer to in the context of understanding human nature?
What does the term 'cultural construction' refer to in the context of understanding human nature?
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What aspect of philosophy is primarily examined through introspection?
What aspect of philosophy is primarily examined through introspection?
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Which branch of philosophy focuses on the study of knowledge?
Which branch of philosophy focuses on the study of knowledge?
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What does the term 'loneliness' signify in philosophical terms?
What does the term 'loneliness' signify in philosophical terms?
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According to the psychological perspective, which of the following is emphasized in understanding human behavior?
According to the psychological perspective, which of the following is emphasized in understanding human behavior?
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What defines the Ich-Es (I-It) relationship?
What defines the Ich-Es (I-It) relationship?
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What does 'episteme' refer to in the context of knowledge?
What does 'episteme' refer to in the context of knowledge?
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How is 'techne' best defined?
How is 'techne' best defined?
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Which statement describes 'sophia'?
Which statement describes 'sophia'?
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What does 'aesthetic experience' encompass?
What does 'aesthetic experience' encompass?
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What is the focus of aesthetic judgment?
What is the focus of aesthetic judgment?
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According to Friedrich Nietzsche, what is essential for understanding how to live?
According to Friedrich Nietzsche, what is essential for understanding how to live?
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In aesthetics, what does the 'aesthetic of existence' involve?
In aesthetics, what does the 'aesthetic of existence' involve?
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What is the primary concern of critical inquiry?
What is the primary concern of critical inquiry?
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Which theory in art views it as personal expression?
Which theory in art views it as personal expression?
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How does individual perspective influence concepts of beauty?
How does individual perspective influence concepts of beauty?
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What challenge does self-determination or the process of subjectivization address?
What challenge does self-determination or the process of subjectivization address?
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Which aspect is NOT a part of the aesthetics branch of philosophy?
Which aspect is NOT a part of the aesthetics branch of philosophy?
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What is a common misconception about aesthetic taste?
What is a common misconception about aesthetic taste?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Philosophy
- Philosophy is defined differently by different philosophers
- It is not merely academic, but practical and concrete
- It is an act of doing, and striving to understand the world better.
- Etymologically, philosophy is the love of wisdom ("philia" - love, "sophia" - wisdom)
- There are necessary beings (non-existence is impossible) and contingent beings (existence can be caused or not)
- These things exist and can be discovered through reasoning.
Elements of Definition
- Science (Latin "scire" - to know): seeks knowledge of facts and reasons
- All things or beings: examines different types of beings, including necessary and contingent ones.
- Ultimate causes: investigates fundamental reasons behind existence.
- Aristotle's Four Causes:
- Material cause (the material)
- Efficient cause (the agent)
- Formal cause (structure/form)
- Final cause (purpose)
- Natural light of reason: knowledge acquired through reason alone.
Forms of Knowledge
- Natural reason: reasoning based on the human capacity for logic.
- Supernatural reason: knowledge gained through faith or divine guidance.
- Human reason has limitations while supernatural reason does not
- Doxa (Opinion): common sense and general understanding.
The Act of Philosophizing
- Critical inquiry: questioning assumptions and beliefs
- Introspective thought: examining one's own thoughts and perspectives
- Rational analysis: using logic and reasoning to evaluate ideas
- Skepticism and inquiry: questioning things, acknowledging knowledge limits & the process of ongoing learning.
- Open-mindedness: willingness to consider different viewpoints
Branches of Philosophy
- Axiology: study of values and goodness
- Metaphysics: study of reality, being, and existence
- Cosmology: study of the universe's origin, evolution, and fate.
- Ontology: study of being and existence
- Epistemology: study of knowledge
- Ethics: study of moral principles and right/wrong
- Aesthetics: study of beauty and art
Man and His Nature
- Philosophy of the Human Person: specialized study that focuses on human existence
- Human nature (universal & one): all humans have the same fundamental characteristics.
- Human nature (static): human nature stays the same throughout time.
- Somatic level: physical body
- Behavioral level: actions and conduct as a person
- Attitudinal level: the mental reaction to external stimuli
- Biological: the natural history of man and evolution
- Rationality: the ability to reason, solve problems, and make judgments.
- Intelligence: the capacity to perceive, store, and apply knowledge.
- Introspection: the ability for self-reflection and understanding
- Psychological: focuses on human behavior and mental processes (consciousness, unconsciousness).
- Economic: man's ability to meet needs.
- Theological: views man as created by God.
- 3-Fold view of human nature: somatic, behavioral, and attitudinal.
Intersubjectivity
- Object: an independent entity.
- Subject: the conscious experiencer
- Intersubjectivity: the interaction between subjects
- Dialogue: genuine and deep interaction between people.
- Obstacles to dialogue include imposing one's opinions, speechifying (talking without listening), and seeming (acting in a certain way to impress).
Aesthetic Experience
- Aesthetic Experience: mental, emotional, and sensory engagement with art and beauty.
- Taste: judgment of beauty and art.
- Aesthetics: branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts and definitions in philosophy, including the distinction between necessary and contingent beings. Delve into the elements of scientific reasoning and Aristotle's Four Causes that help us understand existence. This quiz will enhance your comprehension of philosophical thought and its practical applications.
