Introduction to Philosophy
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of philosophy?

  • To create artistic expressions
  • To provide empirical data
  • To investigate ultimate questions (correct)
  • To conduct experiments

    • Philosophy studies measurable, empirical reality similar to science.

    False

    What term describes the 'love of wisdom' in philosophy?

    Philosophy

    True knowledge is defined as knowing the _____ cause.

    <p>first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following areas of philosophy with their corresponding questions:

    <p>Epistemology = What can we know? Ethics = What should we do? Ontology = What is reality? Anthropology = What is man?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the fundamental questions philosophy attempts to answer?

    <p>Who am I?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skeptics in philosophy trust their senses completely.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes skepticism?

    <p>The view that our senses can sometimes deceive us</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to ontology, the phenomenal world represents true existence.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the essence that persists through change in Aristotle's ontology?

    <p>Substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plato’s Theory of Ideas states that physical objects __________ the eternal Forms.

    <p>imitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the philosophers with their corresponding Arkhé:

    <p>Thales = Water Anaximander = Apeiron (infinite substance) Anaximenes = Air Heraclitus = Fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts emphasizes reality could be manipulated?

    <p>Evil Demon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aristotle believed that accidents affect the essence of a substance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of ontology?

    <p>Understanding being and existence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Plato’s philosophy, the __________ represents the world of perfect, eternal Forms.

    <p>World of Ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key idea of realism in overcoming skepticism?

    <p>Reliance on empirical science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant change brought about by the Copernican Revolution?

    <p>Shift from finite to infinite worldview</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment emphasized metaphysical reasoning over empirical observation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two characteristics of the Enlightenment.

    <p>Reason and progress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rise of ________ in the Enlightenment emphasized experience-based knowledge.

    <p>empiricism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the Enlightenment thinkers with their contributions:

    <p>Newton = Defined laws of motion and gravity Voltaire = Promoted Newtonian physics Diderot = Compiled knowledge in the Encyclopédie Hobbes = Introduced the concept of the social contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Aristotle's dualism focus on?

    <p>The relationship between matter and form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metaphysics investigates knowledge and its limits.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two basic questions of metaphysics?

    <p>What exists? What is the nature of these things?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kant's four fundamental questions include 'What can we know?', 'What can we hope for?', 'What can we do?', and 'What is _____?'

    <p>man</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following philosophers with their views on identity:

    <p>Heraclitus = Believed identity is found in substance Materialism = Identity depends on physical parts Idealism = Identity depends on form Kant = Argued that perception shapes our understanding of reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes Kant's view of metaphysics?

    <p>It investigates a priori knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Boat of Theseus Paradox illustrates the conflict between materialism and idealism.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phrase is associated with Heraclitus regarding change?

    <p>Panta Rhei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physics is classified as an empirical science based on _____ experience.

    <p>sensory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What philosophical question does epistemology investigate?

    <p>What is knowledge?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenges our understanding of identity over time?

    <p>Heraclitus’ river</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethics solely focuses on societal moral judgments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one modern ethical issue that has expanded the scope of ethical inquiry.

    <p>Genetic engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Personal identity is shaped by __________, mental, and existential factors.

    <p>physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the philosophical concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Epistemology = Study of knowledge Theology = Study of divine concepts Anthropology = Study of humans and societies Ethics = Study of moral actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kant, which question does ethics primarily address?

    <p>What can we do?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Determinism implies that free will exists.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Boat of Theseus illustrate in philosophy?

    <p>The concept of identity over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fundamental questions of ethics include, 'How should I __________?'

    <p>live</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher emphasized the transition from objective reality to human cognition?

    <p>Kant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Philosophy

    • Philosophy's Greek origin combines "love of wisdom" (philein + sophia).
    • It begins with wonder, doubt, and experiences.
    • It explores fundamental questions such as the nature of life, existence, and free will.
    • Philosophy examines questions other sciences overlook.
    • It adds meaning to ordinary experiences, promoting critical thinking.
    • It's grounded in everyday experiences, prompting deeper inquiry when familiar ideas are questioned.

    Key Concepts

    • Thinking and Consciousness: Thinking organizes the world into logical concepts, but humans experience reality indirectly, through thought, rather than directly.
    • Philosophy vs. Science & Religion: Science focuses on empirical reality, while philosophy explores ultimate questions (like "Why is there something rather than nothing?"). Religion is rooted in faith and philosophy challenges it with reason.

    Origins of Philosophical Inqury

    • Philosophy arises from experience, wonder, and doubt.

    Core Areas of Philosophy

    • Epistemology: The study of knowledge ("What can we know?").
    • Ethics: The study of morality ("What should we do?").
    • Ontology: The study of existence and reality ("What is reality?").
    • Anthropology: The study of humans ("What is Man?").

    Philosophy's Triad (Platonic Structure)

    • God: Exploration of philosophical thought about the nature of the divine.
    • Self: Transcendental philosophy, focusing on the nature of the self.

    Summary

    • Philosophy begins when everyday understanding is disrupted, seeking fundamental knowledge and meaning.
    • It aids in answering life's critical questions and enriches one's worldview.

    Epistemology

    • Aristotle's concept of knowledge emphasizes understanding causes and ultimate explanations, defined as true, justified belief.
    • Knowledge is explained as belief (conviction in something, that matches reality), justified (supported by evidence), and therefore true justified belief
    • Skepticism questions knowledge limitations, raising crucial points including unreliability of sensory experience, potential for illusions of reality, like dreams, or an evil demon controlling our reality.
    • The Problem of Correspondence addresses whether mental representations align with reality, with skepticism arguing we only experience the world through interpretations.
    • Overcoming skepticism entails considering metaphysical explanations (e.g., a creator guaranteeing reliable cognition), realism (trust in empirical evidence and reliability), and anti-realism (focusing on accuracy of mental representations).

    Ontology

    • Ontology: The philosophy of existence, or being
    • Ontology explores beyond appearances, focusing on existence's general principles rather than specific beings.
    • Cosmology explores the universe's overall structure, while cosmogonies investigate its origins.
    • Philosophers like Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Pythagoras, Parmenides, and Heraclitus explored various concepts of the fundamental nature of existence throughout the presocratic period, debating the origins of the universe and its composition.
    • Plato's ontology posits two realms: the imperfect physical world and the perfect, eternal world of Forms or Ideas. The sensory world is merely an imitation of the ideal Forms, as demonstrated by allegory of the cave.
    • Aristotle argues that the essence of things resides within them, persisting through change. This essence, or substance, is comprised of matter (raw material) and form (structure/purpose).

    Plato vs. Aristotle (Ontology)

    • Plato separated ideas (transcendent) from the physical world (dualism), emphasizing reason.
    • Aristotle emphasized the essence of objects within physical reality (matter + form).

    Metaphysics

    • Metaphysics delves into the nature of reality through fundamental questions (what can we know, hope for, do, and what is man).
    • It examines ultimate reality, being and fundamental principles
    • Metaphysics investigates knowledge limits and the nature of reality (e.g simple vs complex, properties).
    • Kant's Copernican Turn argues that metaphysics is not about an independent reality, but how we perceive and conceptualize it.
    • Heraclitus and the Problem of Identity challenge the idea of identity amidst constant change, highlighting whether objects and individuals maintain their identity across time despite continuous change.

    Personal Identity & Change

    • Human identity is challenging; changes like cells regenerating suggest personal identity remains constant, posing questions about how this continuity is defined.
    • It is often linked to the body, memory

    Ethics

    • Ethics (the 'what to do' question) examines moral concepts (e.g., good/bad, right/wrong, moral/immoral).
    • It analyzes moral dilemmas, responsibilities, freedom, and willpower in making ethical decisions.
    • This study often contrasts deterministic views and the concept of free will, emphasizing their significance to moral accountability.
    • Ethical decisions often require choosing between conflicting ideas, perspectives, or actions.

    16th Century

    • Paradigm shifts are changes in how a culture understands reality that can result in major transformation.
    • The 16th Century crisis occurred in European culture in response to various events and challenged traditional beliefs.

    Copernican Revolution

    • The Copernican revolution challenged the traditional geocentric view, shifting to a heliocentric model.
    • It introduced the idea of an infinite universe, prompting an intellectual crisis and revolutionizing astronomy and physics.
    • It emphasized observation and logic-based thought and began a period of questioning prior beliefs

    Modernity

    • This period focused on reason, science and progress, with notable differences among thinkers.
    • It explored the shift between pre-modern (e.g., antiquity, middle ages, Renaissance) and modern thought, highlighting the break from traditional beliefs.
    • Trends in the 17th-18th centuries included reason, science and human rights, with debates between rationalism and empiricism.

    Enlightenment

    • The Enlightenment emphasized reason, science, and progress, challenging traditional beliefs.
    • It focused on criticism of religion as superstition, and challenged traditional worldviews, advocating rational and scientific methods for knowledge gained.
    • It explored various perspectives regarding humanity, ethics and society.

    Rousseau

    • Rousseau's works, including "Discourse on the Sciences and Arts," "Discourse on Inequality," and "The Social Contract," explored concepts of human nature, society, and political ideals.
    • His work significantly influenced later political thought and the French Revolution.

    Philosophy Flashcards

    • A deck of flashcards is provided as a supplementary resource for memorization and learning.

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    Philosophy Study Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the origins and key concepts of philosophy, including its Greek roots and its relationship with science and religion. This quiz will guide you through fundamental philosophical questions and emphasize critical thinking. Delve into how philosophy can enrich everyday experiences by prompting deeper inquiry.

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