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Questions and Answers
What is the main difference between empiricism and rationalism?
Who is considered the first philosopher to devise a logical method?
What does aesthetics study?
Which philosophical approach focuses on the individual's choices and freedom?
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What does the phenomenological method aim to achieve?
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According to Aristotle, what should individuals practice to determine truth?
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Which philosopher is linked with the foundation of phenomenology?
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Which statement reflects the idea of postmodernism regarding truth?
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What does the term 'Philosophia' literally mean?
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Which of the following branches of philosophy deals with moral principles?
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What does the concept of deontological theory primarily focus on?
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What is a central question addressed by metaphysics?
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In which ethical position is the moral choice determined by the consequences benefiting the majority?
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What is a primary focus of epistemology in philosophy?
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Which ethical position argues that actions are morally right if they are accepted by societal norms?
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What fundamental question would most likely be associated with virtue ethics?
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Study Notes
Philosophy Overview
- Originates from the Greek word “Philosophia,” combining Philo (love) and Sophia (wisdom), translating to "Love of Wisdom."
- Involves a systematic study addressing fundamental questions about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language.
Approaches to Philosophy
- Scientific Approach: Employs systematic methods for inquiry.
- Natural Light of Reason: Utilizes inherent human capacity for thinking and observation.
- Comprehensive Study: Distinction established between philosophy and sciences.
Philosopher Definition
- An intellectual dedicated to seeking wisdom or enlightenment.
Principles in Philosophy
Metaphysics
- Concerned with concepts of thought, existence, reality, and abstract ideas.
- Raises fundamental questions: "What is reality?" "Why does reality exist?" and "How does it exist?"
- Notable views: Thales' assertion "Everything is water" and Plato's belief that physical sensations are illusory.
Ethics
- Examines the nature of moral virtue and evaluates moral principles.
- Focuses on questions of honor and happiness.
Five Main Positions of Ethics
- Natural Law/Divine Command: Queries principles guiding humanity towards happiness (e.g., the Ten Commandments).
- Teleological Theory: Advocates for actions benefiting the greater number of people; emphasizes the consequences of pleasure.
- Deontological Theory: Centers on duty irrespective of personal feelings; highlights moral duties (e.g., therapist confidentiality dilemmas).
- Virtue Ethics: Focuses on character development beyond materialism; queries what constitutes a good life.
- Relativism: Claims actions are morally acceptable within societal norms; cultural practices vary in moral judgement.
Epistemology
- Investigates the nature, sources, limitations, and validity of knowledge.
- Derived from Greek terms epistēmē (knowledge) and logos (reason).
- Fundamental question: “How do we acquire reliable knowledge?”
Types of Human Knowledge
- Empiricism: Knowledge gained through sensory experience; associated with John Locke.
- Rationalism: Knowledge derived from rational thought and logic; linked with philosophers like William James, John Dewey, and René Descartes.
Logic
- Originates from the Greek word “logike,” concerning reasoning.
- Promotes critical thinking; Aristotle emphasized evaluating beliefs rather than accepting them as truth.
Aesthetics
- Studies the nature and appreciation of beauty and art.
- Considers questions such as "What is beauty?"
- Importance of aesthetics includes enriching knowledge, fostering genuine living, and connecting with culture.
Methods of Philosophizing
Philosophizing
- Involves rational and logical thought, examining matters philosophically.
Various Philosophical Perspectives
- Phenomenology: Examines truth based on personal consciousness and appearance; founded by Edmund Husserl.
- Existentialism: Emphasizes personal freedom and responsibility for defining purpose; viewed as an outlook on life.
- Postmodernism: Accepts the idea that truth is not absolute, often influenced by cultural contexts.
- Logic: Bases truth on reasoning and critical evaluation.
Key Figures
- Immanuel Kant: German philosopher known for discussing the nature of experience.
- Edmund Husserl: Established phenomenology as a philosophical method, focusing on consciousness.
Phenomenological Method
- Involves continual refinement of reality perceptions by filtering out non-essential elements.
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Description
Explore the foundational aspects of philosophy, including its origins from the Greek term 'Philosophia,' meaning 'Love of Wisdom.' This quiz covers various approaches to philosophy, key concepts, and the role of philosophers in seeking knowledge and enlightenment.
