Introduction to Philosophy
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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'Philosophy' originate from?

  • Sanskrit origins
  • Greek origins (correct)
  • Latin origins
  • Arabic origins

Philosophy and science investigate the same types of questions.

False (B)

What are the key areas of philosophy explored?

Epistemology, Ethics, Ontology, Anthropology

Philosophy begins when everyday understanding is disrupted, seeking __________ knowledge and meaning in uncertainty.

<p>fundamental</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts from epistemology with their definitions:

<p>Belief = Conviction in something True = Belief matches reality Justified = Supported by evidence Knowledge = True, justified belief aligned with reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes skepticism in epistemology?

<p>Doubt regarding knowledge due to unreliable senses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can you explain Aristotle's concept of true knowledge?

<p>True Knowledge is knowing the first cause, or ultimate explanation, of things.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the skeptical arguments mentioned?

<p>Reality Check (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Realism trusts empirical science and cognitive reliability.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Ontology?

<p>The study of being, focusing on existence beyond appearances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Arkhé defined by Anaximenes is _____ .

<p>Air</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the philosophers with their key concepts:

<p>Thales = Arkhé = Water Pythagoras = World based on numbers Heraclitus = Arkhé: Fire Aristotle = Essence that persists through change</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to skepticism, our knowledge of the world relies on what?

<p>Sensory interpretations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plato believed that the physical world is perfect and eternal.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Parmenides assert about existence?

<p>That existence is indivisible and eternal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aristotle's concept of _____ refers to the transition from potential to act.

<p>Change</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher noted that 'you cannot step into the same river twice'?

<p>Heraclitus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kant believed that metaphysics should focus on an independent reality without human cognition.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does metaphysics primarily explore?

<p>The nature of reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Kant's four questions, the question regarding 'what can we do?' relates to _____

<p>ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following philosophers with their focus or view:

<p>Plato = Ideas are separate; dualism Aristotle = Essence in the object itself Kant = Perception shapes reality Heraclitus = Constant change and identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the metaphysical question that asks, 'What exists?'

<p>What exists? (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epistemology examines the nature of reality.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What paradox illustrates the problem of identity and change?

<p>The Boat of Theseus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kant’s approach to metaphysics is often described as a _____ turn.

<p>Copernican</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Aristotle's approach to essence?

<p>Essence is in the object itself. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event marked the shift from a geocentric to a heliocentric view of the universe?

<p>Copernican Revolution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Copernican Revolution led to the endorsement of traditional beliefs by the Church.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one philosophical trend that emerged during the 17th and 18th centuries.

<p>Rationalism or Empiricism</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _________ challenged the notion of a finite universe by suggesting an infinite number of stars.

<p>Copernican Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following periods with their primary focuses:

<p>Renaissance = Humanism challenges scholasticism Enlightenment = Emphasis on reason and human rights Middle Ages = Scholasticism and Christian theology Early Modern = Rise of modern science and rationalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher contributed to understanding the foundations of ethics?

<p>Aristotle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethics seeks to determine universal principles behind moral judgments.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of moral dilemmas?

<p>Choosing between alternatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the principles of moral action, the __________ relates to the outcomes of actions being evaluated as moral.

<p>consequential</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical event with its outcome:

<p>1492: = Discovery of America 1543: = Introduction of heliocentric worldview Crisis in European culture: = Shift to modernity Copernicus’ work: = Foundation of modern scientific thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of freedom relate to in moral action?

<p>The power to choose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Moral experience can occur even in the absence of external consequences.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What transformation did Columbus' discovery of America trigger in European culture?

<p>Colonialism and capitalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethics is the philosophical study of __________.

<p>morality</p> Signup and view all the answers

What worldview did Copernicus' theories challenge?

<p>Geocentric (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Philosophy

"Love of wisdom"; seeks to answer fundamental questions about life, existence, and knowledge.

Epistemology

The study of knowledge; what we can know and how we know it.

Knowledge

True, justified belief.

True Belief

A belief that aligns with reality.

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Justified Belief

A belief supported by evidence or reasons.

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Skepticism

The idea that certain knowledge is impossible or very difficult to obtain.

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Aristotle's Knowledge

Understanding the causes of things.

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Skeptical Arguments

Arguments questioning the certainty of knowledge, often focusing on the potential for illusions, dreams, and manipulations (like an evil demon).

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Problem of Correspondence

The question of whether our mental representations accurately reflect the external world.

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Ontology

The study of existence; determining what truly is.

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Phenomenal World

The world as perceived through the senses; not necessarily the real world.

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Theory of Ideas (Plato)

Plato's idea that perfect, eternal Forms exist beyond the physical world; physical objects are imperfect copies.

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Substance (Aristotle)

The essence of a thing that persists through change.

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Primary Substance (Aristotle)

Individual, concrete things.

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Four Causes (Aristotle)

Material, formal, efficient, and final – explaining why something is.

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Cosmology

The study of the universe as a whole.

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Aristotle's view of essence

Aristotle believed essence is found within the object itself, not in a separate realm.

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Kant's 4 questions

What can we know? What can we hope for? What can we do? What is man?

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Metaphysics vs. Epistemology

Metaphysics studies reality, while epistemology studies knowledge.

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Metaphysics vs. Physics

Metaphysics is conceptual and goes beyond experience; physics is based on sensory experience.

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Heraclitus's 'Panta Rhei'

The idea that everything is in constant change.

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Identity and Change

The philosophical problem of how something can maintain its identity despite continuous change.

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Boat of Theseus Paradox

A thought experiment about whether an object remains the same despite having all of its components replaced.

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Kant's Copernican turn

Kant argued that metaphysics isn't about studying an independent reality but how we perceive it.

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Materialism (Identity)

Identity depends on physical components.

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Idealism (Identity)

Identity depends on form or structure.

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Copernican Revolution

The shift from the Earth-centered (geocentric) model of the universe to the Sun-centered (heliocentric) model, fundamentally altering astronomy, physics, and humanity's understanding of its place in the cosmos.

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Heliocentric Model

The model of the universe where the Sun is at the center and other planets, including Earth, revolve around it. It proposes an infinite universe filled with stars.

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Intellectual Crisis

The disruption caused by the Copernican Revolution, challenging the traditional worldview and leading to conflicts between those who defended old beliefs and those who advocated for new ideas.

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Pre-Modern Era

The period of history before the Copernican Revolution characterized by a focus on ancient Greek philosophy and dominated by Christian theology during the Middle Ages. It saw the rise of humanism in the Renaissance.

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Modern Era

The era that begins with the Copernican Revolution, marked by a shift towards modern science, rationalism, and empiricism. It includes the 17th-century Early Modern Period and the 18th-century Enlightenment.

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Paradigm Shift

A fundamental change in how a culture understands and interprets reality.

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16th Century Crisis

A series of events that challenged the existing European worldview and paved the way for modernity.

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Columbus' Discovery

The discovery of America in 1492, which had significant economic and cultural impacts on Europe.

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Medieval Worldview

The dominant perspective during the Middle Ages, characterized by a finite view of time and a geocentric universe.

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Freedom

The power to choose between alternatives, essential for moral action.

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Responsibility

Being accountable for actions within our influence, including inaction.

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Willpower

The ability to overcome external influences and act according to our own moral values.

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Intentional Ethics

Focuses on the intention behind actions, believing good intentions make an action moral.

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Consequential Ethics

Focuses on the outcome of actions, believing good consequences make an action moral.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Philosophy

  • Philosophy originated from the Greek words "philein" (to love) and "sophia" (wisdom), meaning "love of wisdom."
  • Philosophy begins with wonder, doubt, and experience.
  • Philosophical inquiries address fundamental questions about life, existence, and knowledge.
  • Key concepts include thinking and consciousness, exploring how humans interpret reality through thoughts.
  • Philosophy differentiates itself from science which studies measurable reality and religion rooted in faith.
  • Philosophical inquiry arises from experiences, wonder, and doubt, questioning existing assumptions.

Core Areas of Philosophy

  • Epistemology: The study of knowledge and its limits. What can we know?
  • Ethics: The study of moral principles and values. What should we do?
  • Ontology: The study of being and existence. What is reality?
  • Anthropology: The study of humankind. What is man?

Philosophy’s Triad (Platonic Structure)

  • God: Examining the nature of the divine and its relation to philosophy.
  • Self: Exploring transcendental philosophy regarding the self.

Summary

  • Philosophy begins with experience, questions, and doubts surrounding human life and the world.
  • Philosophy seeks to understand reality, knowledge, morality, and humanity through critical exploration.

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Philosophy Study Notes PDF

Description

Explore the foundations of philosophy, including its origins, core areas like epistemology, ethics, ontology, and anthropology. Delve into how philosophical inquiries arise from human experiences and the search for knowledge, morality, and existence. This quiz will challenge your understanding of these fundamental concepts.

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