Questions and Answers
Thales proposed that ______ is the first principle.
water
Anaximander introduced the concept of the ______, meaning the infinite or boundless.
apeiron
Heraclitus believed that ______ is the arch or primary substance of reality.
fire
Socrates is known as the father of ______ philosophy.
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Plato founded the ______ School, emphasizing the distinction between the material world and the world of ideas.
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Aristotle is referred to as the father of ______.
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In Hinduism, Brahman is equivalent to ______, representing selfhood.
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Ahimsa is the principle of non-______ in Hinduism.
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Philosophy comes from the Greek words philia (love) and ______ (wisdom).
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The branch of philosophy that studies reasoning is called ______.
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______ asks the question 'what is VALUE?', exploring the nature of moral virtue.
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The principle of ______ states that whatever is, is; whatever is not, is not.
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The study of knowledge in philosophy is referred to as ______.
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______ philosophy refers to thinking and studying ideas that were prominent before Socrates.
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The study of the fundamental nature of reality is known as ______.
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A ______ approach in philosophy views all parts of a truth and sees the situation as a whole.
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Study Notes
Definition and Scope of Philosophy
- Philosophy is the pursuit of knowledge, wisdom, and truth, rooted in the Greek words "philia" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom).
- Encompasses the study of being, which includes material (natural, man-made, synthetic) and immaterial aspects.
- Examines the highest principles of existence through traditional reasoning, cultural foundations, and national studies.
Principles of Philosophy
- Identity: States that everything is what it is; non-existence cannot exist.
- Excluded Middle: A proposition must either be true or false; no middle ground.
- Sufficient Reason: Every existence must have a sufficient reason for being.
Branches of Philosophy
- Ethics: Explores values and moral virtue.
- Metaphysics: Investigates the fundamental nature of reality.
- Aesthetics: Analyzes concepts of beauty and art.
- Logic: Focuses on reasoning and discourse.
- Epistemology: Examines knowledge and its acquisition.
- Political Philosophy: Questions the governance of societies.
Importance of Aesthetics
- Vitalizes knowledge and encourages deeper living.
- Connects individuals with cultural heritage.
Critical Thinking
- Involves a careful, reflective, and systematic approach to inquiry.
Pre-Socratic Philosophy
- Originated in the 6th century BCE, focusing on cosmology, ethics, and early metaphysical questions.
- Thales: Proposed water as the fundamental principle.
- Anaximander: Introduced the concept of the "Apeiron" (infinite or boundless).
- Heraclitus: Stated that change is constant ("one cannot step into the same river twice").
- Democritus: Known as the father of modern science; theorized that everything comprises atoms.
Key Philosophers
- Socrates: Father of Western philosophy; developed the Socratic method.
- Plato: Student of Socrates; theorized two realms of reality: ideal and material.
- Aristotle: Plato's pupil; contributed to biology, virtue ethics, and the concept of the "Golden Mean."
Filipino Philosophy
- Loob: Represents a notion of interiority guiding moral conduct and identity.
- Concepts of Kagandahang Loob, Kabutihang Loob, and Kalooban emphasize goodness and inner morality.
- Gulong ng Palad: Symbolizes fate; includes cultural practices like siestas and the concept of Bahala Na, reflecting a mix of fatalism and courage.
Philosophy in Religion - Hinduism
- Brahman: Represents selfhood; equivalent to the concept of God (Atman).
- Trifecta of deities in Hinduism: Brahma (creator), Vishnu (preserver), Shiva (destroyer).
- Jivatma: Individual divine soul; Paramatma: Universal existence.
- 5 Yamas: Ethical vows including truthfulness (Satya) and non-violence (Ahimsa).
- 5 Niyamas: Practices for Hindu practitioners emphasizing purity and contentment.
- Caste System: Hierarchical social division, with groups including Brahmins (priests) and Kshatriyas (warriors).
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Description
This quiz explores the definition, principles, and branches of philosophy. It encompasses key concepts like identity, excluded middle, and sufficient reason while analyzing various fields such as ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology. Dive into the pursuit of knowledge and the essence of existence.
