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Questions and Answers
Thales proposed that ______ is the first principle.
Thales proposed that ______ is the first principle.
water
Anaximander introduced the concept of the ______, meaning the infinite or boundless.
Anaximander introduced the concept of the ______, meaning the infinite or boundless.
apeiron
Heraclitus believed that ______ is the arch or primary substance of reality.
Heraclitus believed that ______ is the arch or primary substance of reality.
fire
Socrates is known as the father of ______ philosophy.
Socrates is known as the father of ______ philosophy.
Plato founded the ______ School, emphasizing the distinction between the material world and the world of ideas.
Plato founded the ______ School, emphasizing the distinction between the material world and the world of ideas.
Aristotle is referred to as the father of ______.
Aristotle is referred to as the father of ______.
In Hinduism, Brahman is equivalent to ______, representing selfhood.
In Hinduism, Brahman is equivalent to ______, representing selfhood.
Ahimsa is the principle of non-______ in Hinduism.
Ahimsa is the principle of non-______ in Hinduism.
Philosophy comes from the Greek words philia (love) and ______ (wisdom).
Philosophy comes from the Greek words philia (love) and ______ (wisdom).
The branch of philosophy that studies reasoning is called ______.
The branch of philosophy that studies reasoning is called ______.
______ asks the question 'what is VALUE?', exploring the nature of moral virtue.
______ asks the question 'what is VALUE?', exploring the nature of moral virtue.
The principle of ______ states that whatever is, is; whatever is not, is not.
The principle of ______ states that whatever is, is; whatever is not, is not.
The study of knowledge in philosophy is referred to as ______.
The study of knowledge in philosophy is referred to as ______.
______ philosophy refers to thinking and studying ideas that were prominent before Socrates.
______ philosophy refers to thinking and studying ideas that were prominent before Socrates.
The study of the fundamental nature of reality is known as ______.
The study of the fundamental nature of reality is known as ______.
A ______ approach in philosophy views all parts of a truth and sees the situation as a whole.
A ______ approach in philosophy views all parts of a truth and sees the situation as a whole.
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Study Notes
Definition and Scope of Philosophy
- Philosophy is the pursuit of knowledge, wisdom, and truth, rooted in the Greek words "philia" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom).
- Encompasses the study of being, which includes material (natural, man-made, synthetic) and immaterial aspects.
- Examines the highest principles of existence through traditional reasoning, cultural foundations, and national studies.
Principles of Philosophy
- Identity: States that everything is what it is; non-existence cannot exist.
- Excluded Middle: A proposition must either be true or false; no middle ground.
- Sufficient Reason: Every existence must have a sufficient reason for being.
Branches of Philosophy
- Ethics: Explores values and moral virtue.
- Metaphysics: Investigates the fundamental nature of reality.
- Aesthetics: Analyzes concepts of beauty and art.
- Logic: Focuses on reasoning and discourse.
- Epistemology: Examines knowledge and its acquisition.
- Political Philosophy: Questions the governance of societies.
Importance of Aesthetics
- Vitalizes knowledge and encourages deeper living.
- Connects individuals with cultural heritage.
Critical Thinking
- Involves a careful, reflective, and systematic approach to inquiry.
Pre-Socratic Philosophy
- Originated in the 6th century BCE, focusing on cosmology, ethics, and early metaphysical questions.
- Thales: Proposed water as the fundamental principle.
- Anaximander: Introduced the concept of the "Apeiron" (infinite or boundless).
- Heraclitus: Stated that change is constant ("one cannot step into the same river twice").
- Democritus: Known as the father of modern science; theorized that everything comprises atoms.
Key Philosophers
- Socrates: Father of Western philosophy; developed the Socratic method.
- Plato: Student of Socrates; theorized two realms of reality: ideal and material.
- Aristotle: Plato's pupil; contributed to biology, virtue ethics, and the concept of the "Golden Mean."
Filipino Philosophy
- Loob: Represents a notion of interiority guiding moral conduct and identity.
- Concepts of Kagandahang Loob, Kabutihang Loob, and Kalooban emphasize goodness and inner morality.
- Gulong ng Palad: Symbolizes fate; includes cultural practices like siestas and the concept of Bahala Na, reflecting a mix of fatalism and courage.
Philosophy in Religion - Hinduism
- Brahman: Represents selfhood; equivalent to the concept of God (Atman).
- Trifecta of deities in Hinduism: Brahma (creator), Vishnu (preserver), Shiva (destroyer).
- Jivatma: Individual divine soul; Paramatma: Universal existence.
- 5 Yamas: Ethical vows including truthfulness (Satya) and non-violence (Ahimsa).
- 5 Niyamas: Practices for Hindu practitioners emphasizing purity and contentment.
- Caste System: Hierarchical social division, with groups including Brahmins (priests) and Kshatriyas (warriors).
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