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Questions and Answers
Which branch of philosophy is primarily concerned with the nature of reality?
Logic in philosophy is used to differentiate between what?
What does the term 'epistemology' refer to in philosophy?
What is the main focus of ethics or axiology within philosophy?
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Which philosopher is known for being the first to identify himself as a philosopher?
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What element did Thales of Miletus believe was the fundamental component of the universe?
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Which of these best describes the formal object of philosophy?
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According to Heraclitus, what is a fundamental principle regarding change?
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What is necessary truth?
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What distinguishes subjective truth from objective truth?
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Which type of truth is known by everyone?
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What does primary reflection focus on?
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What defines the cognitive self of a human person?
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Which bias refers to the tendency to evaluate a person's actions without considering external circumstances?
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How is public truth characterized?
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Which of the following best describes relative truth?
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What is the root cause of suffering according to the Four Noble Truths?
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What does the correspondence theory of truth assert?
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What does cultural bias involve?
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Which of the following statements best describes the Eightfold Path?
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According to Karl Popper, what are the three distinct worlds that man exists in?
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Hindsight bias can best be characterized as:
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What does the term 'human being' distinguish?
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What is the focus of the framing bias?
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What is the primary purpose of the transcendental method as described?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of fallacy mentioned?
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How does bracketing (Epoché) function in the context of methodology?
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Which of the following best describes 'a priori knowledge'?
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What issue does the fallacy of composition address?
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Which type of fallacy involves appealing to pity or sympathy?
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What does the term 'fallacy of division' refer to?
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Which of the following represents an emotional appeal in arguments?
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What does the term 'Holistic Perspective' signify in philosophy?
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Which philosopher is NOT associated with Medieval Philosophy?
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Which of the following represents a characteristic feature of Anthropocentric philosophy?
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What is one of the three levels of inquiry in philosophy?
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What does the term 'Explosive' refer to in Contemporary philosophy?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the methods of doing philosophy?
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What misconception about philosophy is highlighted in the content?
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Who first coined the term 'philosophy'?
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Study Notes
Definition and Branches of Philosophy
- Philosophy originates from the Greek words "philos" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom).
- Epistemology investigates how knowledge is acquired and what constitutes knowledge.
- Metaphysics studies the nature of reality and the universe.
- Logic focuses on valid reasoning and differentiates between true and false statements.
- Ethics (Axiology) examines principles and values related to morality.
- Aesthetics explores the nature of art, beauty, and taste.
Historical Figures in Philosophy
- Pythagoras is credited with coining the term "philosopher" and contributed significantly to mathematical concepts.
- Thales of Miletus posited that water is the fundamental substance of the universe.
- Heraclitus believed that change is constant, stating that opposites are interconnected.
- René Descartes is known as the father of Western philosophy, famously saying "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am).
Philosophical Perspectives
- Holistic perspective considers the whole or entire context, while partial perspective focuses on specific aspects.
- Better understanding arises from a combination of common sense, scientific, and philosophical inquiries.
History of Philosophy
- Ancient Philosophy (600 BC - CE) was cosmocentric, with thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
- Medieval Philosophy (600 - 1600) was theocentric, focusing on the essence and existence of God.
- Modern Philosophy (1600 - 1900) recognized anthropocentrism, emphasizing human studies.
- Contemporary Philosophy (1900 - Present) is explosive, lacking a singular focus and encompassing various schools of thought.
Methods of Doing Philosophy
- Philosophers employ methods such as phenomenological analysis and reflective thinking.
- These methods prioritize understanding lived experiences and foundational concepts that shape human consciousness.
Distinction Between Philosophy and Other Disciplines
- Philosophy seeks knowledge comprehensively rather than merely expressing personal opinions.
- It does not function like science; progress in philosophy differs in nature and methodology.
Truth Concepts
- Necessary Truth: A statement whose negation leads to a contradiction.
- Private Truth: Known only to the individual with the belief.
- Public Truth: Acknowledged by the broader public.
- Subjective Truth: Influenced by personal beliefs and preferences.
- Objective Truth: Assertions that can be empirically validated.
- Universal Truth: Recognized universally, regardless of personal bias.
Theories of Truth
- Correspondence Theory equates truth to factual accuracy.
- A Priori Knowledge: Knowledge independent of experience, crucial for understanding structural aspects of reality.
Fallacies in Reasoning
- Key fallacies include Ad Hominem (attacking the person), Ad Baculum (using threats), and Fallacy of Composition (assuming that what is true for part is true for the whole).
- Awareness of biases such as confirmation bias and cultural bias can refine philosophical inquiry.
Understanding Human Personhood
- The concept of the human person integrates cognitive (thoughts, beliefs) and physical (appearance, abilities) aspects.
- Humanity is defined by its unique attributes, differentiating it from other species.
Noble Truths of Suffering
- Truth of Suffering (Dukkha): Life is inherently unsatisfactory, marked by suffering.
- Cause of Suffering (Samudaya): Desire and attachment create suffering.
- End of Suffering (Nirodha): Eliminating desire can lead to the cessation of suffering.
- Path to End of Suffering (Magga): The Eightfold Path serves as a guide to overcome suffering.
Eightfold Path
- Right Mindfulness
- Additional aspects focus on ethical living and mental discipline that support overcoming suffering.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts and branches of philosophy including epistemology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, and aesthetics. Learn about influential historical figures like Pythagoras, Thales, Heraclitus, and René Descartes and their contributions to philosophical thought.
