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Questions and Answers
What does the term 'literature' primarily refer to?
What does the term 'literature' primarily refer to?
- A specific genre of oral storytelling
- A historical record of events and figures
- A body of written works associated with imaginative and creative expression (correct)
- A collection of artistic paintings
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of literary texts?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of literary texts?
- It delivers significant information
- It expresses feelings, thoughts, and ideas
- It narrates a story
- It is strictly based on real events only (correct)
Which of the following is a part of the narrative structure?
Which of the following is a part of the narrative structure?
- Exposition (correct)
- Analysis
- Review
- Development
What is the primary purpose of poetry as a literary form?
What is the primary purpose of poetry as a literary form?
Which literary form is characterized by rhythm, sound, imagery, and form?
Which literary form is characterized by rhythm, sound, imagery, and form?
What does literary structure refer to?
What does literary structure refer to?
Oral literature is primarily handed down through what means?
Oral literature is primarily handed down through what means?
What is NOT typically considered a type of poetry?
What is NOT typically considered a type of poetry?
What is a common theme in the legends of the great flood in Filipino culture?
What is a common theme in the legends of the great flood in Filipino culture?
Which of the following describes the purpose of a myth?
Which of the following describes the purpose of a myth?
Which genre best describes 'Biag ni Lam-ang'?
Which genre best describes 'Biag ni Lam-ang'?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Philippine literature during the Spanish colonial period?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Philippine literature during the Spanish colonial period?
What type of poem is a 'dalit'?
What type of poem is a 'dalit'?
What is the primary focus of a 'moro-moro' performance?
What is the primary focus of a 'moro-moro' performance?
Which of the following works is attributed to Francisco Baltazar?
Which of the following works is attributed to Francisco Baltazar?
What does the term 'zarzuela' refer to in Philippine literature?
What does the term 'zarzuela' refer to in Philippine literature?
What was the primary role of ladinos in the context of Spanish missionary work?
What was the primary role of ladinos in the context of Spanish missionary work?
Which work is associated with Fernando Bagongbanta?
Which work is associated with Fernando Bagongbanta?
What significant contribution did Leona Florentino make to Philippine literature?
What significant contribution did Leona Florentino make to Philippine literature?
Which of the following is recognized as the first Filipino novel in English?
Which of the following is recognized as the first Filipino novel in English?
What is the title of the poem written by Andres Bonifacio that appeared in the official newspaper of the Katipunan?
What is the title of the poem written by Andres Bonifacio that appeared in the official newspaper of the Katipunan?
Which Spanish author is credited with the earliest version of the pasyon?
Which Spanish author is credited with the earliest version of the pasyon?
What educational change was introduced during the American period in the Philippines?
What educational change was introduced during the American period in the Philippines?
Who among the following is famous for the novels 'Noli Me Tangere' and 'El Filibusterismo'?
Who among the following is famous for the novels 'Noli Me Tangere' and 'El Filibusterismo'?
Who won the first prize in the First Commonwealth Literary Awards in 1940?
Who won the first prize in the First Commonwealth Literary Awards in 1940?
Which literary tradition did Fernando Maramag's sonnet 'Moonlight on Manila Bay' follow?
Which literary tradition did Fernando Maramag's sonnet 'Moonlight on Manila Bay' follow?
What literary technique did Manuel Arguilla commonly incorporate in his writings?
What literary technique did Manuel Arguilla commonly incorporate in his writings?
What language was declared official in the Philippines during the Japanese occupation along with Nihonggo?
What language was declared official in the Philippines during the Japanese occupation along with Nihonggo?
Which publication compiled the best Tagalog short stories during the Japanese occupation?
Which publication compiled the best Tagalog short stories during the Japanese occupation?
What type of issues found their way into Filipino literature during the post-war period?
What type of issues found their way into Filipino literature during the post-war period?
In which period did Filipino writers begin to focus on the experiences of the Filipino people under foreign rule?
In which period did Filipino writers begin to focus on the experiences of the Filipino people under foreign rule?
What was the main focus of Filipino fiction during the apprenticeship period?
What was the main focus of Filipino fiction during the apprenticeship period?
Which author wrote the story 'We Filipinos Are Mild Drinkers'?
Which author wrote the story 'We Filipinos Are Mild Drinkers'?
What aspect of society does Nick Joaquin's short story 'May Day Eve' primarily explore?
What aspect of society does Nick Joaquin's short story 'May Day Eve' primarily explore?
Which Filipino author is known for the short story 'Waywaya'?
Which Filipino author is known for the short story 'Waywaya'?
What literary genre did Stevan Javellana contribute to post-war Philippine literature?
What literary genre did Stevan Javellana contribute to post-war Philippine literature?
What theme does Edith L. Tiempo's poem 'The Return' primarily reflect?
What theme does Edith L. Tiempo's poem 'The Return' primarily reflect?
How is Ilocano literature characterized in relation to other Philippine literary traditions?
How is Ilocano literature characterized in relation to other Philippine literary traditions?
What kind of literature did Horacio de la Costa emphasize in his essay 'History and Philippine Culture'?
What kind of literature did Horacio de la Costa emphasize in his essay 'History and Philippine Culture'?
Which of the following is NOT a literary form mentioned in the context of Philippine literature?
Which of the following is NOT a literary form mentioned in the context of Philippine literature?
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Study Notes
Literature Overview
- Etymology: Derived from Latin "littera," meaning "letter of the alphabet."
- Definition: Literature comprises imaginative and creative works of poetry and prose, classified by language, national origin, historical period, genre, and subject matter.
- Forms: Exists in both oral and written forms; oral literature is passed down and later documented as literary text.
Characteristics of Literary Text
- Narrates stories or events.
- Expresses feelings, thoughts, and ideas, often reflecting real-life experiences or imagination.
- Delivers significant information crossing cultural and temporal boundaries.
Literary Structure
- Typically organized using a narrative method.
- Narrative structure includes exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution (denouement).
Major Forms of Literature
- Poetry: Written in lines, features rhythm, sound, imagery, and aims to express thoughts and feelings. Types include:
- Narrative Poetry:
- Legend: Presented as history, unlikely truths (e.g., The Flood Stories of Bukidnon and Igorot).
- Myth: Explains beliefs or natural phenomena (e.g., Igorot and Tagalog creation myths).
- Epic: Celebrates hero-adventures with supernatural elements (e.g., Biag ni Lam-ang, Hinilawod).
- Narrative Poetry:
Philippine Literature During Spanish Colonial Period
- Works imitative of Spanish forms; genres included corrido, awit, dalit, cenaculo, moro-moro, duplo, karagatan, and zarzuela.
- Religious prose such as novenas and biographies; retention of native lyrical traditions.
- Prominent authors:
- Francisco Baltazar: Noted for "Florante at Laura."
- Pedro Paterno: Authored the first Spanish poetry collection and Filipino novel.
- José Rizal: National hero renowned for "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo."
- Andres Bonifacio: Wrote "Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa."
Philippine Literature During American Period (1898–1940)
- Introduction of civil government and free public education; English became the medium of instruction.
- Emergence of Filipino literature in English; notable works include:
- "Filipino Poetry" (1924): First English poetry collection.
- "Dead Stars" (1925): First modern short story in English.
- "A Child of Sorrow" (1921): First Filipino novel in English.
Philippine Literature During Japanese Period (1941–1945)
- Censorship of publications; rise of Tagalog literature.
- Notable collections included "Ang Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino ng 1943."
- Major stories from this period:
- “Lupang Tinubuan” by Narciso G. Reyes.
- “Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa” by Liwayway Arceo.
Post-War and Contemporary Literature (1946–Present)
- Literature reflects social, economic, and political conditions post-World War II.
- Emergence of themes such as nationalism, social issues, and morality.
- Influential writers:
- Nick Joaquin: "May Day Eve," highlighting love in a patriarchal society.
- F. Sionil Jose: "Waywaya," concerning pre-Hispanic society.
- Edith L. Tiempo: "The Return," explores old age.
- Stevan Javellana: "Without Seeing the Dawn," depicts wartime experiences.
- Rich tradition of Ilocano literature includes significant works from authors like Manuel Arguilla and Carlos Bulosan, enriching the Philippine literary landscape.
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