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What is the primary focus of pharmacology?
What is the primary focus of pharmacology?
Which name refers to the drug as it is known after approval by regulatory authorities?
Which name refers to the drug as it is known after approval by regulatory authorities?
What classification method is used to group drugs based on their similar properties?
What classification method is used to group drugs based on their similar properties?
Which aspect of pharmaceutics examines how drug forms influence their effects on the body?
Which aspect of pharmaceutics examines how drug forms influence their effects on the body?
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What should a nurse do if a patient cannot swallow enteric-coated ibuprofen tablets?
What should a nurse do if a patient cannot swallow enteric-coated ibuprofen tablets?
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What is the primary purpose of pharmacokinetics?
What is the primary purpose of pharmacokinetics?
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Which route of administration is considered the fastest?
Which route of administration is considered the fastest?
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What does the First-Pass Effect primarily affect?
What does the First-Pass Effect primarily affect?
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Which factor does NOT affect the rate of absorption in medications?
Which factor does NOT affect the rate of absorption in medications?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of time-released products?
Which of the following is a characteristic of time-released products?
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Match the following pharmacokinetic processes with their definitions:
Match the following pharmacokinetic processes with their definitions:
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Match the following routes of administration with their characteristics:
Match the following routes of administration with their characteristics:
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Match the terms related to controlled-release formulations:
Match the terms related to controlled-release formulations:
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Match the following factors affecting absorption with their descriptions:
Match the following factors affecting absorption with their descriptions:
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Match the following effects with their descriptions:
Match the following effects with their descriptions:
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Match the following terms related to drug names with their definitions:
Match the following terms related to drug names with their definitions:
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Match the following pharmacological principles with their descriptions:
Match the following pharmacological principles with their descriptions:
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Match the following dosage forms with their characteristics:
Match the following dosage forms with their characteristics:
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Match the pharmaceutical concepts with their explanations:
Match the pharmaceutical concepts with their explanations:
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Match the following drug administration routes with their characteristics:
Match the following drug administration routes with their characteristics:
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The first-pass effect decreases the bioavailability of medications absorbed through the digestive system.
The first-pass effect decreases the bioavailability of medications absorbed through the digestive system.
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Topical administration is considered the fastest route of drug delivery.
Topical administration is considered the fastest route of drug delivery.
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Solid medications must be absorbed directly into the bloodstream without dissolution to be effective.
Solid medications must be absorbed directly into the bloodstream without dissolution to be effective.
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The enteral route of administration includes methods such as intravenous and intramuscular.
The enteral route of administration includes methods such as intravenous and intramuscular.
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Factors affecting the rate of absorption include pH, GI motility, and presence of food or fluids taken with the drug.
Factors affecting the rate of absorption include pH, GI motility, and presence of food or fluids taken with the drug.
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The chemical name of a drug describes its dosage form and how it should be taken.
The chemical name of a drug describes its dosage form and how it should be taken.
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Enteric-coated tablets are designed to dissolve in the stomach.
Enteric-coated tablets are designed to dissolve in the stomach.
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Pharmacodynamics studies how the body affects a drug, such as absorption and distribution.
Pharmacodynamics studies how the body affects a drug, such as absorption and distribution.
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A drug's trade name is typically protected by a patent held by the drug's manufacturer.
A drug's trade name is typically protected by a patent held by the drug's manufacturer.
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Pharmaceutics examines only the chemical properties of drugs and not their forms.
Pharmaceutics examines only the chemical properties of drugs and not their forms.
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Which aspect of pharmacology focuses on the study of how various drug forms affect their efficacy?
Which aspect of pharmacology focuses on the study of how various drug forms affect their efficacy?
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What is the principal objective of the process known as pharmacodynamics?
What is the principal objective of the process known as pharmacodynamics?
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Which name refers specifically to the legally recognized and trademarked identity of a drug?
Which name refers specifically to the legally recognized and trademarked identity of a drug?
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Which factor does NOT significantly influence the rate of drug dissolution in the body?
Which factor does NOT significantly influence the rate of drug dissolution in the body?
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Which classification method does NOT categorize drugs based on their therapeutic effects?
Which classification method does NOT categorize drugs based on their therapeutic effects?
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What is the primary impact of the First-Pass Effect on drug bioavailability?
What is the primary impact of the First-Pass Effect on drug bioavailability?
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Which factor is NOT considered when determining the rate of absorption for enteral medications?
Which factor is NOT considered when determining the rate of absorption for enteral medications?
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Which route of administration allows for the slowest absorption of medications?
Which route of administration allows for the slowest absorption of medications?
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Which of the following formulations is designed to provide continuous drug release over an extended period?
Which of the following formulations is designed to provide continuous drug release over an extended period?
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What is the primary characteristic of a drug that has a high first-pass effect?
What is the primary characteristic of a drug that has a high first-pass effect?
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Which of the following statements about drug distribution is true?
Which of the following statements about drug distribution is true?
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What is the primary mechanism that allows unbound drugs to effectively reach target tissues?
What is the primary mechanism that allows unbound drugs to effectively reach target tissues?
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Which condition is least likely to contribute to decreased albumin levels in the bloodstream?
Which condition is least likely to contribute to decreased albumin levels in the bloodstream?
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What effect can competition for protein binding between two drugs have?
What effect can competition for protein binding between two drugs have?
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How do water-soluble and fat-soluble drugs differ in terms of volume distribution?
How do water-soluble and fat-soluble drugs differ in terms of volume distribution?
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What is the expected difference in oral medication dosage when the route is changed from IV to PO?
What is the expected difference in oral medication dosage when the route is changed from IV to PO?
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Which administration route provides the slowest onset of pain relief for morphine sulfate?
Which administration route provides the slowest onset of pain relief for morphine sulfate?
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When administering a transdermal patch, what is the recommended procedure if a previous patch is found on the patient's skin?
When administering a transdermal patch, what is the recommended procedure if a previous patch is found on the patient's skin?
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Which factor is least likely to affect subcutaneous absorption of medication?
Which factor is least likely to affect subcutaneous absorption of medication?
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Which of the following routes has the fastest absorption rate?
Which of the following routes has the fastest absorption rate?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Pharmacology
- Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their effects on living organisms.
- A drug is any chemical that affects the physiological processes of a living organism.
- Pharmacology is the broadest term for the study or science of drugs.
Drug Names
- Chemical name: Describes the drug's chemical composition and molecular structure.
- Generic name (nonproprietary, official name): The name given to a drug approved by Health Canada.
- Trade name (proprietary name): The drug has a registered trademark, use of the name is restricted by the drug's patent owner.
Chemical, Generic, and Trade Names of Ibuprofen
- Chemical name: (+/-)-2-(p-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid
- Generic name: ibuprofen
- Trade names: Advil, Motrin, others
Drug Classification
- Drugs are grouped together based on their similar properties.
- Drugs can be classified by their structure.
- Drugs can be classified by their therapeutic use.
- Examples of drug types and suffixes are given
Principles of Pharmacology
- Pharmaceutics: The study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body.
- Different properties influenced by injection, tablet, capsule, extended release, intravenous
- Dosage forms determine the rate of dissolution and absorption.
- Example of a practice question involving drug administration route change.
Pharmacology: 3 Phases
- Pharmaceutical phase includes drug disintegration of a dosage form and drug dissolution, and the dosage form's effect on the rate of absorption and bioavailability.
- Pharmacokinetic phase includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the drug.
- Pharmacodynamic phase includes drug-receptor interaction, which results in an effect.
- This illustrates the stages of drug action.
Pharmacokinetics
- The study of what the body does to the drug from the time the drug is put into the body until the parent drug and metabolites have left the body.
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Excretion
Absorption
- Movement of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream.
- Bioavailability: extent of drug absorption or "portion of dose that reaches systemic circulation".
- First Pass Effect
First-Pass Effect
- Medications absorbed through the digestive system are transported to the liver via the hepatic-portal vein.
- The liver inactivates a portion of the medication before releasing it back into systemic circulation.
- This decreases bioavailability, as the amount of drug available to act on body cells is lowered..
Factors Affecting the Rate of Absorption
- Route of administration
- Dosage formulation
- Solubility
- pH
- GI motility
- Status of Absorptive Surfaces
- Blood Flow
- Presence of food/fluids ingested with drug
Routes of Administration
- Oral (PO): Drug absorbed through the mucosa of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine.
- Sublingual: Drug placed under the tongue.
- Buccal: Drug placed in the oral cavity between the cheek and gum.
- Rectal: Drug inserted into the rectum.
- Intravenous: Drug delivered directly into the bloodstream.
- Intramuscular: Drug injected into a muscle.
- Subcutaneous: Drug injected below the skin.
- Intradermal: Drug injected into the dermis.
- Intra-arterial: Drug injected into an artery.
- Intrathecal: Drug injected into the cerebrospinal fluid.
- Intra-articular: Drug injected into a joint.
- Topical/Transdermal: Drug applied to the skin or mucous membranes.
- Nasal: Drug administered through the nasal passages.
- Inhalation: Drug inhaled into the lungs.
- Ocular: Drug applied to the eyes.
- Otic: Drug applied to the ears.
Dissolution of Oral Medications
- Solid medications must dissolve in fluid to be absorbed.
- Additives/Coatings (e.g., Enteric-Coated, Time-Released): Affect how quickly a drug dissolves based on the environment of its destination.
Time-Released Products
- Different types of time-released medications exist based on varying rates of drug release. Examples include CR (Controlled/Continuous release), CRT (Controlled release tablet), LA (Long acting), SR (Sustained release/Slow release), TR (Time release), TD (Time delay), SA (Sustained-action), ER/XL/XR (Extended release), and MR (Modified-released).
Factors Affecting Enteral Absorption
- Gastric contents (acidity)
- Motility
- Blood Flow
- Absorptive surfaces
- First Pass Effect
Therapeutic Monitoring
- Onset, peak, and duration (measuring and evaluating drug levels and effects).
- Monitoring trough level of a drug.
- Assessing toxicity if peak blood levels are too high.
- Importance of monitoring drug levels and the patient condition.
Pharmacodynamics
- The study of what the drug does to the body.
- The mechanism of drug actions in living tissues.
- Therapeutic effect.
- The goal of drug therapy.
- Mechanism of action.
- Receptor interactions.
- Enzyme interactions.
Potential Drug Effects
- Natural chemical, Agonist drug, and Antagonist drug with their respective effects on effector cells.
Pharmacotherapeutics
- The clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases.
- Desired therapeutic outcomes are specific to each patient and established in collaboration.
- Outcome goals should be realistic.
Types of Therapy
- Acute.
- Maintenance
- Supplementation/replacement
- Palliative
- Supportive
- Prophylactic
- Empirical
Monitoring
- Therapeutic Action
- Beneficial Effects
- Adverse Effects
- Predictable Adverse Reactions
- Toxic Effects
- Therapeutic Index
- Drug Concentration
- Patient Condition.
Potential for Abuse
- Tolerance: decreasing response to repeated drug doses.
- Dependence: physiological or psychological need for a drug.
- Physical dependence: physiological need for a drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
- Psychological dependence (addiction): obsessive desire for a drug.
Additional Considerations
- Drug Interactions (additive, synergistic, antagonistic effects)
- Medication errors.
- Adverse drug withdrawal events.
- Adverse drug reaction.
- Allergic reaction
- Idiosyncratic reaction
- Other drug effects
- Adverse drug events.
Ten Rights of Medication Administration
- Right drug
- Right dose
- Right time
- Right route
- Right patient
- Right reason
- Right documentation
- Right evaluation
- Right patient education
- Right to refuse.
Volume of Distribution
- Describes the areas where drugs may be distributed, including blood, total body water, fat, and other tissues/organs.
Water vs Fat Soluble Drugs
- Water soluble drugs have a smaller volume of distribution and a higher concentration in the blood.
- Fat soluble drugs have a larger volume of distribution and a lower concentration in the blood.
Metabolism (Cont'd)
- Cytochrome P-450 enzymes.
- Lipophilic ("fat loving")
- Hydrophilic ("water loving")
- Substrates
- Enzyme inhibitors
- Enzyme inducers.
Sites of Metabolism
- Liver, Skeletal muscle, Kidneys, Lungs, Plasma, Intestinal mucosa
Altering Rate of Metabolism
- Delaying drug metabolism results in accumulation of drugs and prolonged action.
- Stimulating drug metabolism causes diminished therapeutic effects.
Excretion
- Elimination of drugs from the body.
- Kidney is the primary organ, liver and bowel also play a role.
- Renal excretion.
- Biliary excretion
Half-Life
- Time for half (50%) of a given drug to be removed from the body.
- Steady state, onset of action, peak effect, duration of action.
- Influences the frequency of dose administration.
Relevance of Half-Lives
- Longer half-lives = longer to reach steady state, and levels take more days to be effective.
- Examples of half-lives and how they affect dosing frequency.
Absorption of Parenteral
- pH must be similar to blood.
- Not too concentrated/corrosive.
- Intravenous is instantaneous and complete (100%).
- Intramuscular is rapid to long-acting.
- Subcutaneous similar to IM.
Factors Affecting IM/Subcutaneous Absorption
- Fat content of tissue
- Solubility of medication
- Blood flow
- Proper administration.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the basics of pharmacology, including drug names and classifications. This quiz covers the definitions, chemical compositions, and therapeutic uses of drugs. Explore the nuances of chemical, generic, and trade names, particularly focusing on ibuprofen.
