Introduction to Pharmacology Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of pharmacology?

  • The application of therapeutic techniques for mental health
  • The development of new pharmaceuticals
  • The study of interactions between foreign chemicals and living systems (correct)
  • The chemical composition of drugs

Which term describes the treatment of disease with drugs?

  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Pharmacology
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Therapeutics (correct)

In pharmacology, what does pharmacodynamics refer to?

  • The way drugs are absorbed and distributed in the body
  • The effects of drugs on the body (correct)
  • The rate at which drugs are excreted
  • The chemical structure of drugs

Which component is NOT considered part of pharmacokinetics?

<p>Mechanism of action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between a drug's concentration and its effect?

<p>The effects are directly proportional to the concentration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a receptor in pharmacology?

<p>Any macromolecule a drug interacts with to initiate a pharmacological effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines biotransformation?

<p>The metabolic process through which drugs are transformed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about drug-receptor interactions is incorrect?

<p>Classical receptors are exclusive to hormone action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the time to onset of effect (t1 - t0) indicate in pharmacokinetics?

<p>The time it takes for the drug to start showing effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diffusion do small uncharged (lipophilic) molecules utilize to cross biological membranes?

<p>Passive diffusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes most drugs in terms of their solubility and charge?

<p>They are small and charged (hydrophilic) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods are used for the transport of hydrophilic nutrients?

<p>Facilitated diffusion and active transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the duration of action (t3 - t1) represent in the time response curve?

<p>The time frame during which the drug is effective (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) in the mTOR/FRAP pathway?

<p>It phosphorylates and activates the serine/threonine kinase Akt. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the overexpression of certain enzymes affect PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 levels?

<p>It results in decreased levels of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are non-classical receptors characterized by?

<p>Complex, non-specific physiological effects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym NSAIDs stand for?

<p>Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a non-classical receptor?

<p>Aspirin acting on cyclooxygenase (COX). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the interaction of Akt with PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 have?

<p>Facilitates the membrane targeting and activation of Akt. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major physiological role of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes?

<p>Synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of insulin in metabolism?

<p>Facilitates the synthesis and storage of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological effect is commonly associated with antibiotics?

<p>Interference with bacterial structure and functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substances does insulin stimulate the uptake of into cells?

<p>Glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of insulin's action on proteins and lipids?

<p>Promotes the expression of enzymes that catalyze synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Insulin has an impact on the activity of certain enzymes. What does it inhibit?

<p>Enzymes that promote degradation of molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI(3)K) in insulin signaling?

<p>It regulates downstream signaling molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of insulin regarding glucose transport?

<p>It requires atypical PKCs for stimulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of enzyme is closely associated with insulin signaling?

<p>Transmembrane enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does insulin have on triglyceride levels in the body?

<p>Stimulates storage of triglycerides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary gastrointestinal effects of aspirin?

<p>Peptic ulcers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biological process is NOT affected by prostaglandins?

<p>Bone formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of mild salicylism?

<p>Tinnitus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment method for aspirin overdose?

<p>Gastric lavage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism leads to aspirin toxicity when taken in high doses?

<p>Slow absorption in the stomach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are prostaglandins important in the gastric mucosal cells?

<p>They mediate cytoprotective mechanisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen to plasma half-lives of salicylate during overdose?

<p>They can increase to 5-30 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT considered part of the treatment for aspirin overdose?

<p>High-dose vitamin therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Introduction to Pharmacology

  • Pharmacology studies the interaction of foreign chemicals with living systems.
  • Therapeutics aims to treat diseases by delivering drugs effectively while minimizing adverse effects.
  • Pharmacology provides a rational basis for therapeutics.

Drug-Receptor Concepts

  • Drug effects are proportional to the concentration of active forms at receptors.
  • Basic equation: Drug (D) + Receptor (R) → Drug-Receptor Complex (DR) → Response.
  • Pharmacodynamics describes how drugs affect the body; pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects drugs.

Pharmacokinetics

  • Key processes: Absorption, Distribution, Biotransformation (Metabolism), and Excretion.
  • Most drugs must cross biological membranes and distribute through various body compartments.
  • Drug properties influence movement:
    • Hydrophilic (charged) drugs diffuse best in aqueous environments.
    • Lipophilic (neutral) drugs traverse lipid membranes via passive diffusion.

Drug Receptors

  • Receptors are macromolecules initiating pharmacological effects upon drug interaction.
  • Types include:
    • Classical Receptors: straightforward drug interaction.
    • Non-Classical Receptors: complex physiological effects, including enzymes and transporters.

Aspirin as a Model Drug

  • Aspirin acts as a Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID), targeting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme affecting various biological functions.
  • Prostaglandins produced by COX are crucial for numerous biological processes, including smooth muscle contraction, vascular permeability, and regulation of gastric mucosal protection.

Aspirin Effects and Adverse Reactions

  • Aspirin may cause gastrointestinal issues: dyspepsia, nausea, and gastric bleeding due to damage along the GI tract.
  • Prostaglandins protect the gastric mucosa; aspirin can disrupt this, leading to ulcers.
  • High doses lead to toxicity characterized by tinnitus, headache, confusion, and severe respiratory and acid-base imbalances.

Overdose and Treatment

  • Overdose from aspirin leads to a slow increase in blood levels due to saturation of metabolic and excretion pathways.
  • Supportive treatment includes gastric lavage, respiratory support, and maintaining electrolyte and plasma pH balance.
  • Alkalinization of urine via intravenous bicarbonate helps in managing overdose symptoms.

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