Introduction to Pathology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of studying pathology?

  • To manage healthcare services effectively
  • To promote public health interventions
  • To understand the cosmetic effects of diseases
  • To identify changes in cells and tissues related to disease (correct)

    • Which of the following is a classification of injurious stimuli associated with cell injury?

  • Psychological stress
  • Chronic inflammation
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Nutritional imbalances (correct)

    • Which statement about cell adaptation is true?

  • Adaptation always leads to cell death.
  • Adaptation is a permanent change in cellular function.
  • Adaptation involves changes that maintain homeostasis. (correct)
  • Cells cannot adapt to environmental changes.

    • What does hypoxia refer to in the context of cell injury?

    <p>Insufficient oxygen supply to the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as an injurious stimulus affecting cells?

    <p>Hormonal changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

    <p>Hypertrophy involves an increase in cell size, while hyperplasia involves an increase in cell number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can lead to physiological hypertrophy of the heart?

    <p>Increased physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of pathological hyperplasia?

    <p>Formation of warts due to viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers atrophy in cells?

    <p>Loss of blood supply or nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes metaplasia?

    <p>A change from one cell type to another in response to stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of the persistent stimuli that induce metaplastic changes in smokers?

    <p>Malignant transformations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can lead to intracellular accumulations due to abnormal metabolism?

    <p>Fatty accumulation in liver cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of calcification occurs in injured or dead tissue despite normal calcium metabolism?

    <p>Dystrophic calcification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with metastatic calcification?

    <p>Vitamin D related disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes enzyme deficiency leading to intracellular accumulations?

    <p>Genetic mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of necrosis?

    <p>Digestive enzymes leak out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes apoptosis?

    <p>Controlled by cellular pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when stimulus leading to cell injury is removed?

    <p>Cellular adaptation and recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes coagulative necrosis?

    <p>Preserved tissue architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon corresponds to the point of no return in cell injury?

    <p>Alteration in mitochondrial function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is characterized by the formation of pus?

    <p>Liquefactive necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features distinguishes necrosis from apoptosis?

    <p>Presence of inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell injury results in cellular debris being cleared by phagocytes?

    <p>Coagulative necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a mechanism of necrosis?

    <p>Controlled enzymatic digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cellular function during the stages of cell death?

    <p>Cell function is lost before cell death has occurred</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes caseous necrosis?

    <p>It has a yellow-white visual appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for fat necrosis?

    <p>Release of pancreatic lipases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors influence the consequences of cellular injury?

    <p>Type, duration, severity, and genetic factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of apoptosis?

    <p>Controlled degradation without leakage of cell content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily observed in fibrinoid necrosis?

    <p>Bright pink amorphous appearance in vessel walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of ischemia-reperfusion injury?

    <p>Increased production of reactive oxygen species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell death is associated with fever?

    <p>Pyroptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does hypoxia have on the ATP production?

    <p>Reduces ATP production due to lack of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates cellular adaptations?

    <p>Normal physiological demands and mechanical stresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about DNA damage is accurate?

    <p>p53 is activated to halt the cell cycle for repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Pathology

    • Pathology studies changes in cells, tissues, and organs linked to diseases.
    • Essential for disease understanding, diagnosis, progression tracking, and treatment development.
    • Requires identification of morphological, molecular, and biochemical changes, examined via gross and microscopic methods.

    Cellular Responses Overview

    • Cells must adapt to maintain homeostasis when faced with environmental changes.
    • Adaptation enables cells to survive by achieving a new steady state.
    • Cell injury occurs when the adaptive capacity is exceeded or when exposure to harmful stimuli occurs.

    Classifications of Injurious Stimuli

    • Hypoxia and Ischemia: Results in oxygen deficiency, reduced nutrient flow, and waste accumulation.
    • Toxins: Includes air pollutants, drugs, and various chemical agents affecting cell function.
    • Infectious Agents: Bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi can cause cellular disturbances.
    • Immunologic Reactions: Autoimmune responses can injure tissues through excessive inflammation.
    • Genetic Abnormalities: Mutations can lead to malfunctioning proteins and cellular damage.
    • Nutritional Imbalances: Deficiencies or excesses in nutrients disrupt normal cellular functions.
    • Physical Agents: Trauma or extreme environmental changes lead to potential injury.
    • Aging: Senescence contributes to the decline in cellular function over time.

    Cell Injury Sequence

    • Injury initiates a sequence of reversible changes: swelling of cells and organelles, membrane blebbing, loss of ribosome attachment on the endoplasmic reticulum, chromatin clumping, and myelin figure formation.

    Cell Death

    • Two main types based on severity of the injurious stimulus:
      • Necrosis: Results from severe disturbances leading to uncontrolled cell death.
      • Apoptosis: A controlled process for removing dysfunctional or old cells.

    Morphological Differences between Necrosis and Apoptosis

    • Necrosis: Cells are enlarged, nucleus undergoes fragmentation, plasma membrane is disrupted, and inflammation is frequent.
    • Apoptosis: Cell size is reduced, nuclear content is fragmented, plasma membrane remains intact, and no inflammation occurs.

    Necrosis Types

    • Coagulative Necrosis: Preservation of tissue architecture; common in solid organ infarcts.
    • Liquefactive Necrosis: Occurs due to bacterial infections leading to tissue liquefaction.
    • Gangrenous Necrosis: Combination of coagulative and liquefactive necroses, associated with limb ischemia followed by infection.
    • Caseous Necrosis: Characteristic of tuberculosis infection, appears cheese-like microscopically.
    • Fat Necrosis: Caused by the release of pancreatic enzymes leading to fat degradation.
    • Fibrinoid Necrosis: Associated with immune-mediated vascular injury, resulting in an amorphous pink appearance in blood vessel walls.

    Diagnostic Markers for Necrosis

    • Specific proteins leak into the bloodstream indicating cellular damage:
      • Cardiac markers: Creatine kinase, troponin for heart injury.
      • Liver injury markers: Alkaline phosphatase, transaminases (ALT, AST) for liver health assessment.

    Apoptosis Mechanisms

    • Apoptosis plays a critical role in normal cellular turnover and physiological changes without causing inflammation.
    • Two major pathways: intrinsic (mitochondrial) and extrinsic pathways.

    Other Cell Death Pathways

    • Necroptosis: Resembles necrosis but is triggered by cellular signals typical of apoptosis.
    • Pyroptosis: Inflammatory form of apoptosis linked with fever response.
    • Autophagy: Cellular response to nutrient deprivation involving lysosomal degradation of cellular components.

    Injury Mechanisms

    • Responses to injury depend on the type, duration, and severity of the stimulus.
    • Hypoxia and Ischemia: Major causes of cell injury; ATP production is oxygen-dependent.
    • Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Restoring blood flow can cause stress from reactive oxygen species and inflammation.
    • Oxidative Stress: Excess reactive oxygen species produced by mitochondria and leukocytes can damage cells.
    • Toxins: Can be direct-acting or prodrugs activated within cells and can lead to cell injury.

    Cellular Adaptations

    • Adaptations are reversible and may involve:
      • Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size, often due to heightened functional demand (e.g., muscle growth).
      • Hyperplasia: Increase in cell number in tissues with replication capability (e.g., liver regeneration).
      • Atrophy: Decrease in cell size from loss of substance, often due to reduced workload or aging.
      • Metaplasia: Change in cell type, often due to stress; can predispose to malignancy.

    Intracellular Accumulations

    • Abnormal accumulation of substances can occur due to metabolic disturbances, protein misfolding, enzyme deficiencies, or inability to process ingested particles.

    Pathologic Calcification

    • Involves deposits of calcium salts in tissues, categorized into:
      • Dystrophic Calcification: Normal metabolism with deposits in damaged tissues (e.g., atherosclerosis).
      • Metastatic Calcification: Occurs in normal tissues in the context of hypercalcemia due to increased parathyroid hormone or vitamin D disorders.

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    Lecture 1 Cell Injury (1) PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on cell injury, death, and adaptations within the context of pathology. This quiz will help you understand how changes in cells and tissues relate to disease progression and diagnosis. Prepare to explore essential concepts necessary for developing effective treatments.

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