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Questions and Answers
What does the term 'secondary etiology' refer to?
What does the term 'secondary etiology' refer to?
Which of the following aspects of a disease does pathogenesis study?
Which of the following aspects of a disease does pathogenesis study?
Which of these best describes 'morphologic changes' in the context of pathology?
Which of these best describes 'morphologic changes' in the context of pathology?
What is a critical element of a pathology report?
What is a critical element of a pathology report?
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What is 'pediatric pathology' focused on?
What is 'pediatric pathology' focused on?
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What does a 'specimen' refer to in the field of pathology?
What does a 'specimen' refer to in the field of pathology?
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The term 'idiopathic' is used to describe diseases with what characteristic?
The term 'idiopathic' is used to describe diseases with what characteristic?
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In the context of pathology, which of the following describes 'functional derangements'?
In the context of pathology, which of the following describes 'functional derangements'?
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What best describes effusion in a medical context?
What best describes effusion in a medical context?
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Which of the following terms refers specifically to the microscopic analysis of cells shed into body cavities?
Which of the following terms refers specifically to the microscopic analysis of cells shed into body cavities?
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Which procedure uses a fine needle to obtain tissue samples under vacuum pressure?
Which procedure uses a fine needle to obtain tissue samples under vacuum pressure?
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What is the primary focus of gynecological pathology?
What is the primary focus of gynecological pathology?
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What does immunohistochemistry analyze in tissue samples?
What does immunohistochemistry analyze in tissue samples?
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Which term describes an abnormality in tissue detectable through X-ray studies?
Which term describes an abnormality in tissue detectable through X-ray studies?
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What does flow cytometry utilize for analyzing cells in fluid samples?
What does flow cytometry utilize for analyzing cells in fluid samples?
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What type of pathology specializes in studying diseases of the blood cells and lymphatic system?
What type of pathology specializes in studying diseases of the blood cells and lymphatic system?
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What term describes the malignant proliferation of lymphocytes?
What term describes the malignant proliferation of lymphocytes?
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Which procedure is specifically meant for the partial or complete removal of a breast?
Which procedure is specifically meant for the partial or complete removal of a breast?
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What does the term 'macroscopic' refer to in pathology?
What does the term 'macroscopic' refer to in pathology?
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Which condition describes a localized swelling in tissue, which may or may not represent a tumor?
Which condition describes a localized swelling in tissue, which may or may not represent a tumor?
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Which of the following terms refers to a field that combines clinical and anatomic pathology, focusing on molecular components?
Which of the following terms refers to a field that combines clinical and anatomic pathology, focusing on molecular components?
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What is the main purpose of a needle biopsy?
What is the main purpose of a needle biopsy?
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Which term refers to an independently-growing mass of cells that may be benign or malignant?
Which term refers to an independently-growing mass of cells that may be benign or malignant?
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What does the term 'lichenoid' imply regarding inflammation?
What does the term 'lichenoid' imply regarding inflammation?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Pathology
- Pathology is the scientific study of changes in body structure and function due to disease.
- It examines abnormalities in anatomy (including histology) and physiology.
- The word "pathology" originates from Greek words "pathos" (meaning suffering) and "logos" (meaning study).
Learning Objectives
- Define pathology
- Discuss disease aspects in pathology
- Identify diagnostic techniques used in pathology
- Recognize categories of disease causes
- Understand disease course, outcome, and consequences
Importance of Studying Pathology
- Gain general knowledge of disease causation
- Understand disease patterns and classification
- Trace disease evolution from cause to clinical presentation
- Learn about disease symptoms and signs
- Investigate disease nature, spread, and prevention measures
- Explore different disciplines within pathology
- Obtain a better understanding of patients and their diseases
Importance for Nurses
- Nurses' roles are expanding beyond bedside care.
- Understanding pathology enables nurses to interpret disease processes, causes, and effects at cellular, tissue, and organ levels.
- Knowledge of etiology and pathogenesis is essential.
- Pathology helps nurses correlate clinical features with structural/functional changes in organs due to disease.
- Nurses can better manage patient care, evaluate disease evolution (from cause to clinical onset and symptoms), understand morphological changes in disease processes, and the progression of disease.
Definitions of Terms
- Accession number: Unique case number for each specimen.
- Actinic: Related to sun exposure.
- Anatomic pathology: Analyzing organs, tissues, cells using gross/microscopic techniques, surgical pathology, cytopathology, and autopsy.
- Autopsy: Post-mortem examination to determine cause/manner of death.
- Biopsy: Removal of tissue/cells from a living person for examination.
- Blocks: Hardened tissue in wax blocks, cut for slides.
- Carcinoma: Malignant tumor composed of epithelial cells.
- Clinical pathology: Diagnosing disease using body fluid analysis.
- Core biopsy: Cylindrical tissue sample from organs using a hollow needle.
- Cyst: Fluid-filled sac or pouch.
- Cytogenetics: Study of chromosome-related structures.
- Cytology: Study of individual cells.
- Cytopathology: Analyzing diseased cells in specimens from body fluids/aspirated tissue.
- Dermatology: Study of skin diseases.
- Dermatopathology: Analyzing skin diseases.
- Diagnosis: Identifying a specific disease.
- Dysplastic: Structurally abnormal.
- Effusion: Abnormal fluid buildup in body spaces.
- Ellipse: Almond-shaped area (e.g., on tissue).
- Examination (tissue): Analyzing, identifying, evaluating, and interpreting specifically prepared slides.
- Excision: Removing tissue surgically.
- Exfoliative cytology: Analyzes cells shed into body cavities
- Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA): Obtaining tissue samples using a fine needle under vacuum pressure.
- Flow cytometry: Analyzing cells in fluid samples.
- Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH): Identifying nucleic acid sequences using fluorescent probes.
- Gastrointestinal (GI) & Liver Pathology: Analyzes digestive tract and liver diseases.
- Gross description: Examining visible material.
- Gynecological pathology: Analyzes female genital tract diseases.
- H&E: Hematoxylin and eosin, common tissue staining method.
- Hematology: Study of blood cells and bone marrow related diseases.
- Hematopoiesis: Blood formation.
- Histological staining: Special dyes to visualize tissue components.
- Histology: Studying tissue structure microscopically.
- Immunohistochemistry: Locating specific proteins in tissues using labeled antibodies.
- Inflammatory: Disease caused by immune cells entering tissues.
- Keratosis: Benign skin cell growth.
- Lesion: Tissue abnormality.
- Leukemia: Malignant proliferation of blood cells.
- Lichenoid: Inflammatory cell arrangement under the skin surface.
- Lumpectomy: Removing a breast mass (part or entire breast).
- Lymphoma: Malignant proliferation of lymphocytes
- Macroscopic: Visible to the naked eye.
- Margins: Regions of healthy tissue around a diseased area.
- Malignant: Tending towards worsening and a fatal outcome.
- Mass: Localized tissue swelling
- Mastectomy: Partial or complete surgical removal of breast tissue.
- Melanoma: Malignant pigment-producing cells.
- Microscopic: Visibly seen only through a microscope.
- Microtome: Device for slicing tissues.
- Mole: Skin growth; may or may not contain pigment.
- Molecular pathology: Study of clinical /anatomic pathology with a focus on molecular cell components.
- Needle biopsy: Method for extracting tissue samples with a needle.
- Neoplasm: A new mass of tissue growth.
- Nevus: Pigmented skin growth.
- Neuropathology: Study of nervous system diseases.
- Pap smear: Screening test to detect cervical abnormalities.
- Pathologist: Specialist in identifying diseases by examining tissues.
- Pathology: Scientific study of diseases and disorders.
- Pathology report: Document that summarizes a pathologist's findings.
- Pediatric pathology: Specializes in infant/childhood diseases.
- Polyp: Abnormal growth projecting from tissue/mucous membranes.
- Prognosis: Predicting the course and outcome of a disease.
- Psoriasiform: Resembling the characteristics of psoriasis.
- Renal pathology: Examining kidney diseases.
- Requisition: Formal request for laboratory services.
- Sarcoma: Malignant connective tissue cell proliferation.
- Slides: Thin glass sheets for tissue specimen examination.
- Specimen: Small part of body tissue/fluid for examination.
- Spongiotic: Excessive fluid in skin surface layer.
- Surgical pathology: Analyzing tissues removed surgically.
- Etiology: The cause of a disease.
- Pathogenesis: How a disease develops.
- Morphologic changes: Structural alterations in tissues and cells.
- Functional derangements and clinical significance: Functional changes and resulting features of a disease resulting from structural changes.
- Histopathology: Study of tissue samples under a microscope.
- Cytopathology: Study of cells from bodily sites.
- Hematological examination: Studying blood/bone marrow/precursors for diseases like anemia/leukemia and other blood disorders.
- Immunohistochemistry: Detecting antigens within tissues.
- Microbiology examination: Examination of bodily fluids/tissues to analyze for micro-organisms causing diseases.
- Biochemical examination: Diagnosing metabolic diseases by testing blood/urine/other body fluids for specific chemical markers.
- Clinical genetics (cytogenetics): Studying chromosomal abnormalities in human cells.
- Molecular techniques: Techniques that can be used to study and detect genetic diseases.
- Necropsy (in some cases synonymously used with autopsy): examination of a dead body to identify the cause of death; also called an autopsy
- Causes of disease: Environmental or genetic factors, or a combination of both. Environmental factors are categorized into physical, chemical, nutritional, infections, and immune factors. Genetic factors are hereditary factors.
- Course of disease: Stages from exposure to death, including the stages of latency, biological onset, clinical onset, permanent damage and death.
- Outcome: Possible outcomes include resolution, sequelae, or death.
- Clinical death: Reversible phase between life and biological death; period of respiratory, cardiac, and brain arrest where resuscitation is possible.
- Biological death: Cellular destruction; irreversible cessation of circulatory/respiratory and brain functions.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of pathology, including the definition of the field, methods of diagnosis, and the classification of diseases. It emphasizes the importance of understanding disease mechanisms to improve patient care. Ideal for nursing students and others interested in healthcare.
