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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of general pathology?
What is the primary focus of general pathology?
What type of biopsy involves excising the entire mass?
What type of biopsy involves excising the entire mass?
Which classification of disease is caused by chromosomal abnormalities?
Which classification of disease is caused by chromosomal abnormalities?
What is the aim of cytopathology?
What is the aim of cytopathology?
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Which method is typically used for examining tissues from living patients?
Which method is typically used for examining tissues from living patients?
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What is the purpose of a needle or core biopsy?
What is the purpose of a needle or core biopsy?
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What do acquired diseases NOT include?
What do acquired diseases NOT include?
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Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is primarily used for which purpose?
Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is primarily used for which purpose?
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What is included in the study of any disease?
What is included in the study of any disease?
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Systemic pathology focuses on which aspect of diseases?
Systemic pathology focuses on which aspect of diseases?
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What are predisposing causes of disease?
What are predisposing causes of disease?
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Which of the following best describes 'pathogenesis'?
Which of the following best describes 'pathogenesis'?
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What is typically assessed in the gross morphology of a tissue?
What is typically assessed in the gross morphology of a tissue?
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Complications of a disease refer to what?
Complications of a disease refer to what?
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What does a good prognosis indicate?
What does a good prognosis indicate?
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Which of the following represents the microscopic assessment of tissue?
Which of the following represents the microscopic assessment of tissue?
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Exciting causes of disease are defined as what?
Exciting causes of disease are defined as what?
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What type of lesions are commonly assessed to determine the nature of liver diseases?
What type of lesions are commonly assessed to determine the nature of liver diseases?
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Examples of complications can include what scenario?
Examples of complications can include what scenario?
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What is typically considered when determining the prognosis of a disease?
What is typically considered when determining the prognosis of a disease?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Pathology
- Pathology is the science that studies the nature of disease.
- Pathology is classified into general and systemic pathology.
- General pathology studies the general reactions of cells and tissues to injuries that occur in disease processes.
- Systemic pathology studies specific disease processes or reactions that affect particular organs/organ systems (e.g., cardiovascular system (CVS), central nervous system (CNS), gastrointestinal tract (GIT)).
Applied Classification of Pathology
- Necropsy pathology examines tissues from dead bodies (cadavers) to determine the cause of death.
- This is also called autopsy.
- Surgical pathology examines tissues from living patients to diagnose specific conditions.
- This is called biopsy.
Biopsy Types
- Needle (or core) biopsy: Pathologists or clinicians insert a needle into a mass to collect a tissue sample.
- Incisional biopsy: A surgical cut is made to collect a larger tissue sample.
- Excisional biopsy: The entire mass is removed for diagnosis.
Classification of Pathology by Specimen Type
- Histopathology is the examination of tissues to diagnose conditions.
- Cytopathology is the microscopic study of exfoliated cells within bodily fluids.
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC)
- FNAC uses a thin needle to take a few cells from a mass lesion for cytology.
- This method is often used for superficial masses and deep masses ( with radiology assistance).
The Disease
- The disease is characterized by structural and functional changes in organs and tissues due to exposure to irritants.
- The irritant can be the causative/etiological agent of the disease.
Classification of Diseases
- Hereditary: Diseases resulting from chromosomal abnormalities or gene mutations.
- Acquired: Diseases obtained not genetically, such as:
- Inflammatory
- Neoplastic (tumors)
- Degenerative (e.g., aging)
- Metabolic
Items of Study for Diseases
- Definition
- Etiology (cause)
- Pathogenesis (mechanism of disease)
- Morphological features (gross and microscopic appearance)
- Complications (resulting from the disease)
- Prognosis (prediction of outcome)
Etiology of Disease
- Predisposing causes: Factors making someone more susceptible to a disease (e.g., heredity, low immunity).
- Exciting causes: Factors directly causing the disease (e.g., infection).
Pathogenesis of Disease
- The mechanisms by which the etiological/disease causing agent instigates the disease process.
Morphology of Disease
- Gross (macroscopic) morphology: Examination of the tissue using the naked eye. This involves noting size, shape, weight, color, consistency, and cut section of the tissue.
- Microscopic morphology: Examination of tissue sections using a light microscope. This is used to determine the nature of the disease.
Complications of Disease
- Complications include additional pathological changes post the normal course of the disease.
- Examples include common cold leading to acute bronchitis, and acute bronchitis leading to pneumonia.
Prognosis of Disease
- Prognosis predicts the expected outcome of the disease.
- Good prognosis suggests likely recovery.
- Poor prognosis suggests permanent disability or death.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of pathology including its classifications and applications in diagnosing diseases. This quiz covers general and systemic pathology, as well as an overview of biopsy techniques. Test your understanding of how pathology contributes to medical diagnoses.
