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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of pathology as a field of study?
What is the primary focus of pathology as a field of study?
- The development of surgical techniques.
- The psychological impact of illness on patients.
- The scientific study of disease. (correct)
- The treatment of diseases through pharmaceutical interventions.
Which of the following best describes the sequence of steps in understanding and addressing a disease, according to the material?
Which of the following best describes the sequence of steps in understanding and addressing a disease, according to the material?
- Abnormal → Normal → Treat
- Abnormal → Treat → Normal
- Treat → Abnormal → Normal
- Normal → Abnormal → Treat (correct)
What is the ultimate goal of pathology in the context of patient care?
What is the ultimate goal of pathology in the context of patient care?
- To develop new treatment methods.
- To prevent diseases from occurring.
- To diagnose diseases. (correct)
- To conduct research on new diseases.
Which aspect of disease study involves understanding the nature of the disease?
Which aspect of disease study involves understanding the nature of the disease?
What does 'etiology' refer to when studying a disease?
What does 'etiology' refer to when studying a disease?
Which term describes the evolution or mechanism of disease formation?
Which term describes the evolution or mechanism of disease formation?
What aspect of disease involves the study of structural changes at the microscopic and macroscopic level?
What aspect of disease involves the study of structural changes at the microscopic and macroscopic level?
Which element of studying disease involves predicting its future course?
Which element of studying disease involves predicting its future course?
What are 'complications' in the context of studying a disease?
What are 'complications' in the context of studying a disease?
A pathologist examines a tissue sample from a living patient. What is this procedure called?
A pathologist examines a tissue sample from a living patient. What is this procedure called?
What is the term for the examination of a dead body to determine the cause of death?
What is the term for the examination of a dead body to determine the cause of death?
Which category includes diseases present at birth or inherited?
Which category includes diseases present at birth or inherited?
Inflammation, degeneration, and tumors fall under which broad category of diseases?
Inflammation, degeneration, and tumors fall under which broad category of diseases?
What are the factors that contribute to the development of a disease?
What are the factors that contribute to the development of a disease?
Which of the following is an example of a predisposing factor for disease?
Which of the following is an example of a predisposing factor for disease?
What is an 'exciting factor' in the context of disease etiology?
What is an 'exciting factor' in the context of disease etiology?
Exposure to microbes or toxins would be classified as which type of exciting factor?
Exposure to microbes or toxins would be classified as which type of exciting factor?
A hormonal imbalance leading to a disease would be considered which type of exciting factor?
A hormonal imbalance leading to a disease would be considered which type of exciting factor?
What term is used to describe the structural changes in tissues resulting from disease?
What term is used to describe the structural changes in tissues resulting from disease?
What does 'pathogenesis' refer to?
What does 'pathogenesis' refer to?
Which aspect of pathology involves a naked eye examination of tissue?
Which aspect of pathology involves a naked eye examination of tissue?
Which of the following techniques uses antibodies to analyze components of human cells?
Which of the following techniques uses antibodies to analyze components of human cells?
What is the meaning of 'prognosis' in the context of disease?
What is the meaning of 'prognosis' in the context of disease?
What is the purpose of fixation in surgical pathology?
What is the purpose of fixation in surgical pathology?
What is commonly used as a fixative fluid in surgical pathology?
What is commonly used as a fixative fluid in surgical pathology?
In surgical pathology, why is good fixation so important?
In surgical pathology, why is good fixation so important?
What does 'general pathology' study?
What does 'general pathology' study?
What is the focus of 'systemic pathology'?
What is the focus of 'systemic pathology'?
What is the role of surgical pathology?
What is the role of surgical pathology?
Surgical pathology is mandatory for determination of treatment. Which of the following could that treatment be?
Surgical pathology is mandatory for determination of treatment. Which of the following could that treatment be?
What is an 'excision biopsy'?
What is an 'excision biopsy'?
What characterizes an 'incision biopsy'?
What characterizes an 'incision biopsy'?
Which type of biopsy involves obtaining a core of tissue using large-bore needles?
Which type of biopsy involves obtaining a core of tissue using large-bore needles?
What is the primary purpose of intraoperative consultation in surgical pathology?
What is the primary purpose of intraoperative consultation in surgical pathology?
Which technique is used in intraoperative consultation to prepare histologic slides rapidly?
Which technique is used in intraoperative consultation to prepare histologic slides rapidly?
Besides frozen section technique, which is another method used during intraoperative consultation?
Besides frozen section technique, which is another method used during intraoperative consultation?
Which of the following provides a 'naked eye description of the pathological changes'?
Which of the following provides a 'naked eye description of the pathological changes'?
Which method allows for the visualization of tissues using antibodies to target specific proteins?
Which method allows for the visualization of tissues using antibodies to target specific proteins?
What is indicated by a green fluorescing sample?
What is indicated by a green fluorescing sample?
What kind of information can be gained from TEM?
What kind of information can be gained from TEM?
A pathologist receives a specimen taken from a lesion during the patient's life. What is the scientific name of the procedure for this?
A pathologist receives a specimen taken from a lesion during the patient's life. What is the scientific name of the procedure for this?
What is the scientific name for the process by which a disease develops?
What is the scientific name for the process by which a disease develops?
What is the scientific name for the changes induced in the cells and organs of the body and caused by disease?
What is the scientific name for the changes induced in the cells and organs of the body and caused by disease?
Which of the following accurately defines the term 'complications' in a pathological context?
Which of the following accurately defines the term 'complications' in a pathological context?
What is the MOST accurate application of frozen section technique in pathology?
What is the MOST accurate application of frozen section technique in pathology?
Which of the following statements best describes the term 'prognosis' in the context of pathology?
Which of the following statements best describes the term 'prognosis' in the context of pathology?
Flashcards
Pathology
Pathology
The scientific study of disease.
What is pathology?
What is pathology?
The science that deals with the study of diseases.
Definition (Disease study)
Definition (Disease study)
Nature of the disease.
Etiology
Etiology
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Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis
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Morphology
Morphology
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Fate & Prognosis
Fate & Prognosis
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Complications
Complications
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Biopsy
Biopsy
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Autopsy
Autopsy
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Congenital & Hereditary
Congenital & Hereditary
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Acquired diseases
Acquired diseases
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Predisposing factors
Predisposing factors
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Exciting factors
Exciting factors
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Lesions
Lesions
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Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis
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Morphology
Morphology
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Gross picture
Gross picture
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Microscopic picture
Microscopic picture
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Fate & Prognosis
Fate & Prognosis
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Complications
Complications
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Fixative fluid
Fixative fluid
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Surgical pathology
Surgical pathology
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Excision biopsy
Excision biopsy
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Incision biopsy
Incision biopsy
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True-cut biopsy
True-cut biopsy
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Intraoperative consultation
Intraoperative consultation
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General pathology
General pathology
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Systemic pathology
Systemic pathology
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Study Notes
Introduction to Pathology
- Pathology is the scientific study of disease
- Pathology studies what is abnormal or wrong, leading to treatment
- The aim of pathology is disease diagnosis
Pathology Defined
- Pathology a science which deals with the study of diseases
Studying Disease
- Definition refers to the nature of the disease
- Etiology covers the causes of disease, including predisposing and exciting factors
- Pathogenesis refers to the evolution, or mechanism, of disease formation
- Morphology involves structural changes, both at the naked eye (NE) and microscopic (ME) levels
- Fate & prognosis predicts the future of the disease
- Complications are added problems to the natural course of the disease
Pathological Investigations
- Biopsy is the process of taking a part of living tissue or organ for histological examination
- Autopsy is the process of taking a part of a dead body or cadaver for histological examination
Disease Definitions
- Congenital and hereditary diseases classifications exist
- Acquired diseases include inflammation, degeneration, circulatory disturbance and tumors
Etiology Explained
- Etiology refers to the causes of disease
Predisposing Factors
- These factors help in the development of a disease
- Decreased body defense favors infection
- Increased susceptibility can be suggested to be hereditary
Exciting Factors
- Direct cause of the disease is an exciting factor
- Defective fetal development in the uterus may be congenital or hereditary
Congenital Factors
- Involve a normal fertilized ovum affected in the uterus by microbes, drugs, X-rays
Hereditary Factors
- Genetic inheritance from parents
Acquired Factors (after birth)
- Exogenous (environmental) factors include microbes
- Endogenous (internal) factors include endocrine disturbance
Lesions
- Lesions are structural changes occurring in tissue as a result of diseases.
Pathogenesis
- Pathogenesis refers to the mechanisms by which causative agents produce pathological changes in tissues
Morphology
- Morphology involves the pathological examination of lesions
Gross Picture Analysis
- Gross, or macroscopic, examination involves a naked eye description of pathological changes
Microscopic Picture Analysis
- Microscopic, or histological, examination involves changes in cells or tissues detected on microscopic examination
- Light microscopy can be implemented
- Electron microscopy can be implemented
- Fluorescent microscopy can be implemented
- Immunohistological techniques involve the use of antibodies against various components of human cells
Fate and Prognosis
- Fate and prognosis describes the forecast of the course and termination of a disease
Complications Defined
- Complications are additional pathological changes which may occur during or after termination of the usual course of a disease
- Complications can affect or modify the prognosis of a disease
Surgical Pathology: Fixation
- Materials obtained are immediately put in fixative fluid (commonly 10% Formalin) to prevent autolysis
Fixation Importance
- Fixation preserves morphology
- Fixation prevents decomposition and autolysis
- Fixation minimizes microbial/fungal growth
- Fixation minimizes the loss of molecular components
- Good fixation is important for satisfactory results in histopathology
Learning Pathology
- General pathology involves common changes in all tissue types
- Systemic pathology involves specific changes in organs and systems
Surgical Pathology Explained
- Surgical pathology involves gross and microscopic examination of surgical specimens and biopsies
- Surgical pathology is mandatory for diagnosis, determination of treatment, and follow up
Surgical Pathology Specimens
Excision Biopsy
- Therapeutic surgical resection of the entire lesion
Incision Biopsy
- Surgical resection of part of the lesion for diagnosis
True-cut Biopsy
- A core of tissue obtained by large-bore needles, sometimes radiologically guided
Surgical Pathology: Intraoperative Consultation
- Rapid microscopic examination of fresh tissue is done for intraoperative consultation
- Intraoperative consultation is needed for important decisions during operation
Methods of Consultation
- Frozen section technique to prepare histologic slides
- Imprint cytologic slides
Other Pathology Techniques
- Gross Pathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Microscopic Examination Analysis
- Immunofluorescence
- TEM (transmitting electron microscope)
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