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Questions and Answers
What mechanism does a worm use to duplicate itself?
What mechanism does a worm use to duplicate itself?
The Morris Worm was designed to have a slow reproduction rate.
The Morris Worm was designed to have a slow reproduction rate.
False
What programming language was used to create the grappling hook program of the Morris Worm?
What programming language was used to create the grappling hook program of the Morris Worm?
C
A worm can significantly affect a computer network by __________ itself among systems.
A worm can significantly affect a computer network by __________ itself among systems.
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Match the following components of the Morris Worm with their descriptions:
Match the following components of the Morris Worm with their descriptions:
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Which of the following systems did the Morris Worm target primarily?
Which of the following systems did the Morris Worm target primarily?
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The Morris Worm utilized flaws in the UNIX operating system’s security routines to propagate.
The Morris Worm utilized flaws in the UNIX operating system’s security routines to propagate.
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In what year did the Morris Worm spread across the Internet?
In what year did the Morris Worm spread across the Internet?
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The Morris Worm was a process that could potentially __________ an entire network.
The Morris Worm was a process that could potentially __________ an entire network.
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What type of computer threats does the Morris Worm represent?
What type of computer threats does the Morris Worm represent?
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What does the finger utility primarily function as?
What does the finger utility primarily function as?
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The Morris worm targeted the finger utility by employing a buffer-overflow attack.
The Morris worm targeted the finger utility by employing a buffer-overflow attack.
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What happens when the finger daemon is successfully exploited by the worm?
What happens when the finger daemon is successfully exploited by the worm?
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The special files that allow users to omit entering a password contain host–login name pairs known as __________.
The special files that allow users to omit entering a password contain host–login name pairs known as __________.
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Match the following utilities with their primary function:
Match the following utilities with their primary function:
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What was the size of the string the worm queried to the finger utility?
What was the size of the string the worm queried to the finger utility?
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Sendmail does not have any debugging capabilities.
Sendmail does not have any debugging capabilities.
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What type of code was included in the sendmail part of the attack?
What type of code was included in the sendmail part of the attack?
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The finger daemon was modified to return to a __________ within the invading string.
The finger daemon was modified to return to a __________ within the invading string.
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What is the first step the worm takes when it successfully establishes a remote shell?
What is the first step the worm takes when it successfully establishes a remote shell?
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What is the primary purpose of port scanning?
What is the primary purpose of port scanning?
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Nmap is designed to exploit known bugs in systems.
Nmap is designed to exploit known bugs in systems.
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What methodology is used by the worm to gain access to user accounts?
What methodology is used by the worm to gain access to user accounts?
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Port scanning is typically an automated process involving a tool that attempts to create a TCP/IP connection to a specific ______.
Port scanning is typically an automated process involving a tool that attempts to create a TCP/IP connection to a specific ______.
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Match the following tools or concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following tools or concepts with their descriptions:
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What might a cracker do after successfully connecting to a service through port scanning?
What might a cracker do after successfully connecting to a service through port scanning?
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The main function of a password-cracking algorithm is to protect user accounts.
The main function of a password-cracking algorithm is to protect user accounts.
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What operation system can Nmap be installed on?
What operation system can Nmap be installed on?
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A cracker could use port scanning to try to connect to port ______ of a system to check vulnerabilities in sendmail.
A cracker could use port scanning to try to connect to port ______ of a system to check vulnerabilities in sendmail.
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What is a consequence of discovering a buffer overflow vulnerability?
What is a consequence of discovering a buffer overflow vulnerability?
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What does the command nmap -sP 10.7.1.0/24 do?
What does the command nmap -sP 10.7.1.0/24 do?
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Denial-of-service attacks aim to gain access to confidential information.
Denial-of-service attacks aim to gain access to confidential information.
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What will the command sudo nmap -sT -p 80,443 10.7.1.0/24 check for?
What will the command sudo nmap -sT -p 80,443 10.7.1.0/24 check for?
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A denial-of-service attack can disrupt the ______ of a system.
A denial-of-service attack can disrupt the ______ of a system.
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Which command would provide information about the operating system version of a device?
Which command would provide information about the operating system version of a device?
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Using incorrect attempts to access accounts can lead to a lock on authentication mechanisms.
Using incorrect attempts to access accounts can lead to a lock on authentication mechanisms.
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What is the purpose of the command sudo nmap -A 10.7.1.226?
What is the purpose of the command sudo nmap -A 10.7.1.226?
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A TCP connection disruption can result in ______ sessions if the connection setup is incomplete.
A TCP connection disruption can result in ______ sessions if the connection setup is incomplete.
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Match the Nmap command with its purpose:
Match the Nmap command with its purpose:
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Study Notes
Introduction to OS Security
- Goal of OS security: Protecting valuable resources
- Security goals: Confidentiality, integrity, availability
-
Threats to OS security:
- Software: Trojan horses, buffer overflow attacks, viruses
- Network: Worms
Worms
- Self-replicating processes that duplicate themselves
- Consume system resources and potentially lock out other processes
- Particularly potent on networks as they can spread and shut down entire networks
Morris Worm
- Created by a Cornell graduate student
- Targeted Sun Microsystems workstations and VAX computers running BSD UNIX
- Spread rapidly across the internet, consuming system resources and causing infected machines to crash
Morris Worm Design and Implementation
- Designed for rapid reproduction and distribution
- Exploited vulnerabilities in the UNIX operating system's security routines
- Utilized network utilities (rsh, finger, sendmail) to gain unauthorized access
Morris Worm Programs
- Consists of two programs: a grappling hook program and the main program
- Grappling hook program: downloaded onto a machine and used to connect back to the origin machine, uploading the main worm
- Main program: searched for other machines to establish connections and spread the worm
Morris Worm - Exploiting Utilities
- rsh: Exploited the feature for remote task execution without passwords to establish connections
- finger: Used a buffer overflow attack to exploit a vulnerability and gained access to a remote shell
- sendmail: Exploited debugging code within the utility to send and execute the grappling hook program, and systematically attempted to discover user passwords
Port Scanning
- Not an attack, but a method for detecting vulnerabilities
- Automated process that uses tools for connecting to specific ports or ranges of ports
- Used to detect vulnerabilities like known bugs in software, especially buffer overflows, which allow for the creation of privileged command shells
Nmap
- A tool for discovering hosts and services on a network
- Sends packets and analyzes responses to determine system information
- Can be installed on various operating systems
- Can identify live hosts, open ports, host operating systems, and provide information about network security
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)
- Aim is to disrupt legitimate use of a system or facility, not to obtain information or resources
- Categorized into two types: resource exhaustion attacks and network disruption attacks
- Resource Exhaustion:* Uses vast amounts of system resources, hindering functionality, such as downloading a CPU-intensive applet or pop-up windows.
- Network Disruption: Exploits TCP/IP protocol functionalities by interrupting network connections, like interrupting ongoing TCP sessions or overloading the system with false connection attempts.
Denial of Service (DoS)
- Can overload authentication mechanisms by repeatedly attempting incorrect logins
- Can manipulate firewalls to block traffic unnecessarily
Operating System Architectural and Hardenings
- Not discussed in the provided text but is a key concept in OS security. It involves understanding how to protect system architecture and apply security controls.
Reference
- The presentation was based on the book "Operating System Concepts" by Peterson and Silberschatz.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of operating system security, including its goals of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Learn about significant threats to security, such as the Morris Worm, and its design, implementation, and impact on network systems.
