Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Introduction to Organic Chemistry

• Study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties
• Focus on structure, properties, and reactions of organic molecules

Branches of Organic Chemistry

• Physical Organic Chemistry: study of the relationship between structure and reactivity
• Organic Synthesis: design and construction of organic molecules
• Mechanistic Organic Chemistry: study of reaction mechanisms and kinetics

Functional Groups

• Hydrocarbons: alkane, alkene, alkyne, and arene
• Heteroatom-containing functional groups: hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), amino (-NH2), and sulfhydryl (-SH)
• Carbonyl-containing functional groups: aldehyde, ketone, acid, and ester

Isomerism

• Structural Isomerism: same molecular formula, different bond arrangement
• Stereoisomerism: same molecular formula and bond arrangement, different 3D arrangement
  • Enantiomers: non-superimposable mirror images
  • Diastereomers: non-superimposable, non-mirror images

Reaction Types

• Substitution Reactions: replacement of one functional group with another
• Elimination Reactions: removal of one or more functional groups
• Addition Reactions: addition of one or more functional groups
• Rearrangement Reactions: reorganization of atoms within a molecule

Organic Chemical Reactions

• Combustion Reactions: reaction with oxygen to produce heat and light
• Redox Reactions: reaction involving oxidation and reduction
• Acid-Base Reactions: reaction involving proton transfer
• Catalytic Reactions: reaction accelerated by a catalyst

Organic Compounds in Nature

• Biomolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
• Natural Products: compounds found in nature, such as alkaloids, terpenes, and steroids

Applications of Organic Chemistry

• Pharmaceuticals: development of new medicines and drugs
• Materials Science: development of new materials and polymers
• Agriculture: development of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers
• Energy: development of alternative energy sources and fuels

Introduction to Organic Chemistry

• Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties
• Focuses on structure, properties, and reactions of organic molecules

Branches of Organic Chemistry

• Physical Organic Chemistry: studies the relationship between structure and reactivity
• Organic Synthesis: designs and constructs organic molecules
• Mechanistic Organic Chemistry: studies reaction mechanisms and kinetics

Functional Groups

• Hydrocarbons: alkane, alkene, alkyne, and arene
• Heteroatom-containing functional groups: hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), amino (-NH2), and sulfhydryl (-SH)
• Carbonyl-containing functional groups: aldehyde, ketone, acid, and ester

Isomerism

• Structural Isomerism: same molecular formula, different bond arrangement
• Stereoisomerism: same molecular formula and bond arrangement, different 3D arrangement
• Enantiomers: non-superimposable mirror images
• Diastereomers: non-superimposable, non-mirror images

Reaction Types

• Substitution Reactions: replacement of one functional group with another
• Elimination Reactions: removal of one or more functional groups
• Addition Reactions: addition of one or more functional groups
• Rearrangement Reactions: reorganization of atoms within a molecule

Organic Chemical Reactions

• Combustion Reactions: reaction with oxygen to produce heat and light
• Redox Reactions: reaction involving oxidation and reduction
• Acid-Base Reactions: reaction involving proton transfer
• Catalytic Reactions: reaction accelerated by a catalyst

Organic Compounds in Nature

• Biomolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
• Natural Products: compounds found in nature, such as alkaloids, terpenes, and steroids

Applications of Organic Chemistry

• Pharmaceuticals: development of new medicines and drugs
• Materials Science: development of new materials and polymers
• Agriculture: development of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers
• Energy: development of alternative energy sources and fuels

Alkenes

Definition

• Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
• General formula: CnH2n

Nomenclature

• Parent chain: longest continuous chain containing the double bond.
• Suffix: -ene (e.g., ethene, propene).
• Prefixes: indicate substituents and their positions.
• Examples: ethene (CH2=CH2), propene (CH3CH=CH2)

Physical Properties

• Physical state: gases or liquids at room temperature.
• Boiling points: increase with molecular weight.
• Solubility: generally insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents.

Chemical Properties

• Alkenes undergo electrophilic addition reactions.
• Markovnikov's rule: hydrogen adds to the more substituted carbon.
• Anti-Markovnikov's rule: hydrogen adds to the less substituted carbon.
• Examples: hydrogenation (addition of H2), halogenation (addition of X2, where X = Cl, Br, I), hydrohalogenation (addition of HX, where X = Cl, Br, I).

Reactions

• Electrocyclic reactions: cycloaddition reactions (e.g., Diels-Alder reaction), electrocyclic ring-opening reactions.
• Oxidation reactions: epoxidation (formation of epoxides), ozonolysis (cleavage of the double bond).

Stereochemistry

• Cis-trans isomerism: cis (same side of the double bond), trans (opposite side of the double bond).
• Stereoselectivity: reactions that form stereoisomers with a preferential orientation.

Important Alkenes

• Ethene (CH2=CH2): used in polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride production.
• Propene (CH3CH=CH2): used in polypropylene and acrylonitrile production.
• Butadiene (CH2=CHCH=CH2): used in synthetic rubber production.