Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties, reactions, and synthesis
Focus on carbon atoms and their bonds with other elements (H, O, N, S, P, etc.)
Most living organisms are composed of organic compounds

Hydrocarbons: contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms
- Saturated (single bonds): alkanes (e.g., methane, ethane)
- Unsaturated (multiple bonds): alkenes (e.g., ethene, propene) and alkynes (e.g., ethyne, propyne)
Functional Groups: specific groups of atoms that determine chemical properties
- Alcohols (OH), aldehydes (CHO), ketones (CO), carboxylic acids (COOH), amines (NH2), etc.
Biomolecules: essential for life processes
- Carbohydrates (sugars, starches, cellulose)
- Proteins (amino acids)
- Lipids (fats, oils, waxes)
- Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

Molecular Formula: lists atoms and their quantities (e.g., C6H12O6 for glucose)
Structural Formula: shows bond connectivity and arrangement (e.g., ball-and-stick models)
Condensed Formula: compact representation of molecular structure (e.g., CH3CH2OH for ethanol)

Substitution: replacement of one atom or group with another
Elimination: removal of one or more atoms or groups
Addition: combination of two or more molecules to form a new one
Rearrangement: change in molecular structure without changing the number of atoms

Stereoisomers: molecules with the same molecular formula and bond order, but different 3D arrangements
Enantiomers: non-superimposable mirror images (e.g., left- and right-handed molecules)
Diastereomers: non-mirror image stereoisomers (e.g., cis- and trans- isomers)

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties, reactions, and synthesis.
It focuses on carbon atoms and their bonds with other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
Most living organisms are composed of organic compounds.

Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Saturated hydrocarbons (single bonds) are called alkanes (e.g., methane, ethane).
Unsaturated hydrocarbons (multiple bonds) are called alkenes (e.g., ethene, propene) and alkynes (e.g., ethyne, propyne).
Functional groups are specific groups of atoms that determine chemical properties.
Examples include alcohols (OH), aldehydes (CHO), ketones (CO), carboxylic acids (COOH), and amines (NH2).
Biomolecules are essential for life processes.
Carbohydrates are sugars, starches, and cellulose.
Proteins are composed of amino acids.
Lipids are fats, oils, and waxes.
Nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.

Molecular formula lists the atoms and their quantities in a molecule (e.g., C6H12O6 for glucose).
Structural formula shows the bond connectivity and arrangement (e.g., ball-and-stick models).
Condensed formula is a compact representation of molecular structure (e.g., CH3CH2OH for ethanol).

Substitution reactions involve the replacement of one atom or group with another.
Elimination reactions involve the removal of one or more atoms or groups.
Addition reactions involve the combination of two or more molecules to form a new one.
Rearrangement reactions involve a change in molecular structure without changing the number of atoms.

Stereoisomers are molecules with the same molecular formula and bond order, but different 3D arrangements.
Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images (e.g., left- and right-handed molecules).
Diastereomers are non-mirror image stereoisomers (e.g., cis- and trans- isomers).

pH is a measure of acidity or basicity (pH 7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic, and above 7 is basic).
pKa is a measure of acid strength (lower pKa means stronger acid).
pKb is a measure of base strength (lower pKb means stronger base).

Organic chemistry studies carbon-containing compounds and their properties, reactions, and synthesis.
It focuses on carbon atoms and their bonds with other elements like H, O, N, S, P, etc.
Most living organisms are primarily composed of organic compounds.

Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms, and are classified as:
- Saturated (single bonds): alkanes (e.g., methane, ethane)
- Unsaturated (multiple bonds): alkenes (e.g., ethene, propene) and alkynes (e.g., ethyne, propyne)
Functional groups are specific groups of atoms that determine chemical properties, including:
- Alcohols (OH)
- Aldehydes (CHO)
- Ketones (CO)
- Carboxylic acids (COOH)
- Amines (NH2)
Biomolecules are essential for life processes and include:
- Carbohydrates (sugars, starches, cellulose)
- Proteins (amino acids)
- Lipids (fats, oils, waxes)
- Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

A molecular formula lists atoms and their quantities in a compound (e.g., C6H12O6 for glucose).
A structural formula shows bond connectivity and arrangement in a compound (e.g., ball-and-stick models).
A condensed formula is a compact representation of molecular structure (e.g., CH3CH2OH for ethanol).

Substitution reactions involve the replacement of one atom or group with another.
Elimination reactions involve the removal of one or more atoms or groups.
Addition reactions involve the combination of two or more molecules to form a new one.
Rearrangement reactions involve changes in molecular structure without changing the number of atoms.

Stereoisomers are molecules with the same molecular formula and bond order but different 3D arrangements.
Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images (e.g., left- and right-handed molecules).
Diastereomers are non-mirror image stereoisomers (e.g., cis- and trans- isomers).

pH is a measure of acidity or basicity, with pH 7 being neutral, below 7 being acidic, and above 7 being basic.
pKa is a measure of acid strength, with lower pKa values indicating stronger acids.
pKb is a measure of base strength, with lower pKb values indicating stronger bases.

Note: The question about converting benzene to propanoneoxime is not addressed in the provided text, so it is not included in the study notes.