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Questions and Answers
What is the main advantage of the Linux operating system?
What is the main advantage of the Linux operating system?
Which of the following is NOT a current version of macOS?
Which of the following is NOT a current version of macOS?
What is the defining characteristic of a thin client operating system?
What is the defining characteristic of a thin client operating system?
How are developers allowed to monetize their work with Linux?
How are developers allowed to monetize their work with Linux?
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Which of the following operating systems is based on the Linux kernel?
Which of the following operating systems is based on the Linux kernel?
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What is iOS primarily used for?
What is iOS primarily used for?
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What release of Android was launched in September 2020?
What release of Android was launched in September 2020?
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Which operating system is known for its mature server capabilities?
Which operating system is known for its mature server capabilities?
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What was the first operating system introduced in the early 1950s?
What was the first operating system introduced in the early 1950s?
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During which generation was multiprogramming introduced?
During which generation was multiprogramming introduced?
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Which of the following is not a type of operating system?
Which of the following is not a type of operating system?
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What is a disadvantage of using a Network Operating System?
What is a disadvantage of using a Network Operating System?
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Real-time operating systems are primarily used for applications that require:
Real-time operating systems are primarily used for applications that require:
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Which of the following examples is a recent version of a Network Operating System?
Which of the following examples is a recent version of a Network Operating System?
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Which type of operating system allows shared access of files and printers over a small private network?
Which type of operating system allows shared access of files and printers over a small private network?
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The time interval required for real-time operating systems to process and respond to inputs is referred to as:
The time interval required for real-time operating systems to process and respond to inputs is referred to as:
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Which devices are embedded operating systems typically found in?
Which devices are embedded operating systems typically found in?
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What is a characteristic feature of Windows CE.NET?
What is a characteristic feature of Windows CE.NET?
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Which of the following is classified as a Mobile Class operating system?
Which of the following is classified as a Mobile Class operating system?
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What type of user interface does MS-DOS utilize?
What type of user interface does MS-DOS utilize?
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What is one reason MS-DOS is still in use today?
What is one reason MS-DOS is still in use today?
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Which of the following operating systems is not categorized under Desktop Class?
Which of the following operating systems is not categorized under Desktop Class?
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What is a significant benefit of using Microsoft Windows as an operating system?
What is a significant benefit of using Microsoft Windows as an operating system?
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Which operating system is designed specifically for Palm-brand PDAs?
Which operating system is designed specifically for Palm-brand PDAs?
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What is the primary role of an operating system?
What is the primary role of an operating system?
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When installing a new hardware device, which of the following is necessary?
When installing a new hardware device, which of the following is necessary?
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What does RAM represent in a computer system?
What does RAM represent in a computer system?
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Which of these statements about the central processing unit (CPU) is true?
Which of these statements about the central processing unit (CPU) is true?
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What must be ensured when changing the operating system?
What must be ensured when changing the operating system?
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How does an operating system improve user experience?
How does an operating system improve user experience?
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What happens when a new software application is installed?
What happens when a new software application is installed?
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What is a common feature of open source operating systems like Linux?
What is a common feature of open source operating systems like Linux?
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Which file system is primarily used by older versions of Windows?
Which file system is primarily used by older versions of Windows?
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What is the role of the operating system in relation to memory management?
What is the role of the operating system in relation to memory management?
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What role does the Interrupt Controller play in device management?
What role does the Interrupt Controller play in device management?
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What is one possible consequence of deadlocks in device management?
What is one possible consequence of deadlocks in device management?
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Which statement about processes is correct?
Which statement about processes is correct?
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Which operating system file system is used in Unix/Linux environments?
Which operating system file system is used in Unix/Linux environments?
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What happens to data stored in RAM when the computer is turned off?
What happens to data stored in RAM when the computer is turned off?
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How does the operating system handle processes that may share resources?
How does the operating system handle processes that may share resources?
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What activity is NOT typically associated with file management by the operating system?
What activity is NOT typically associated with file management by the operating system?
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Which of the following correctly describes virtual memory?
Which of the following correctly describes virtual memory?
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What is a primary function of device drivers?
What is a primary function of device drivers?
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What is the fundamental function of process management in an operating system?
What is the fundamental function of process management in an operating system?
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In multiuser systems, what is a key purpose of assigning access rights to files and directories?
In multiuser systems, what is a key purpose of assigning access rights to files and directories?
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What defines a file in computer systems?
What defines a file in computer systems?
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What was a characteristic of the First Generation of operating systems?
What was a characteristic of the First Generation of operating systems?
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What is the operating system's responsibility during resource allocation?
What is the operating system's responsibility during resource allocation?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Operating Systems (OS)
- Operating systems are a system software
- An OS acts as an intermediary between the user and hardware
- OS goals include: executing user programs, facilitating user problem-solving, and using hardware efficiently
- Accessing computer resources is layered, with each layer interacting directly with the layer above or below it
- An OS must be modified to use new hardware devices
- Device drivers are required to control hardware
- Software updates do not require hardware changes
- If an OS is changed, applications and hardware must be compatible
Course Content
- The course will cover what an OS is and its key functions
- OS evaluation, popular OS types, and basics of UNIX and Windows will be discussed
- Advantages of open-source OS such as Linux and Network OS will also be studied
Computer Structure
- A computer system is made up of hardware and software
- Software includes application software and system software (OS)
- The OS acts as an intermediary between the user and hardware
Computer Architecture
- Special busses connect all input/output devices to the motherboard
- Examples of components include CPU, Front Side Bus, AGP, Northern Bridge, Southern Bridge, RAM, ISA, PCI, USB, Keyboard, PS/2, COM 1 and 2, LPT, EIDE, network adapter, and other adapters.
CPU - Central Processing Unit
- CPU is the brain of the computer
- It performs all calculations
- The CPU requires commands and data to operate
- Instructions and data travel to and from the CPU via the system bus
- The operating system defines rules for data communication and use by the CPU
RAM - Random Access Memory
- RAM is the temporary workspace of a computer, storing information and instructions
- Each RAM chip contains address spaces, identifiable by a unique number (address)
- The OS manages RAM space, storage, and retrieval
- Device drivers for RAM are included with the OS
Functions of Operating Systems
- These functions encompass Process management, User Interface, Memory management, Security and protection, File management, and I/O management.
Process Management
- A process is a program in execution
- A process requires resources like CPU time, memory, files, and I/O devices
- Simultaneous execution of multiple processes is handled by OS creation, execution, and termination
- Processes may share resources; synchronization is essential
- Independent processes need care to avoid overlapping in memory
- Processes are prioritized based on importance
Memory Management
- Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its unique address
- Serves as a repository where data and instructions are stored and accessed quickly
- Main memory (RAM) is volatile; data is lost when power is off
- Virtual memory extends RAM using a permanent storage device like a hard disk
- Managing processes involves tracking what segments are active and loading processes when memory is available
- Memory is allocated and de-allocated as needed
File Management
- A file is a collection of related data, defined by its creator
- File systems provide the standards for data encoding, storage, and management on storage devices like hard drives
- File systems: FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, NTFS, EXT3, HFS+
- File creation, deletion, directory operations, mapping and file backup are managed by the OS
Device Management
- Device controllers are on the motherboard (or cards) acting as an interface between the CPU and devices
- Device drivers are software components interacting with device controllers
- An Interrupt Controller in the CPU manages interrupt requests and prioritizes them
- Deadlocks can occur when processes need shared I/O resources
- Keeps track and manages all connected devices
Security & Protection
- The OS uses password protection and access rights to guard user data and programs
- Prevents unauthorized access to files and directories
- Multi-user or networked systems require controlling concurrent process interference to maintain data integrity.
History of Operating Systems
- Early OS were rudimentary, directly using machine language commands
- GMOS was an early operating system
- Later advances included batch processing, a single stream processing, and introduced multiprogramming.
- The development of PCs and the birth of Windows and Mac OS marked a significant era
Types of Operating Systems
- This section lists the various types of operating systems, including Batch, Multiprogramming, Time-Sharing, Multiprocessing, Distributed, Network, Real-Time, and Embedded.
Network Operating System
- Network-based systems manage data, users, groups, security, and networking functions on a server
- Client computers connect to the server to request services
- This type is referred to as tightly coupled
Advantages of Network Operating Systems
- Highly stable centralized servers
- Efficient handling of security concerns
- Easy integration of new technologies and hardware upgrades into the system
- Remote server access from varied locations and systems types
Disadvantages of Network Operating Systems
- Servers are expensive
- Reliance on centralized locations for operations and maintenance
Real-Time Operating Systems
- These OSs serve real-time systems (e.g., missiles, air traffic control)
- The intervals required for processing input and responding are critical (small response time)
Embedded Operating Systems
- Embedded OSs are integrated into electronic devices (autos, scanners, phones, etc.)
- Most used for consumer goods, PDAs, etc.
- Common embedded OS: Windows XP Embedded, Windows CE .NET, Palm OS, and Symbian
Popular Types of OS
- This section lists popular operating systems categorized by their intended use, such as Desktops, Servers, and Mobiles.
Desktop Class Operating Systems
- Platforms include Intel (IBM-compatible) hardware
- Examples include: Windows, DOS, UNIX, Linux, Macintosh, iPad, and iPhone platforms
Ms-DOS
- A single-user, single-tasking OS
- No built-in network support which required manual driver installations for added hardware
- Supported only 16-bit programs
- Was simple and lightweight, making it attractive for environments needing fewer resources
Windows 10
- A graphical-based OS, designed for desktops and notebooks based on Intel platforms.
Mac OS
- User-friendly OS that runs on Mac hardware.
- Current editions: Sierra, High Sierra, Mojave, Catalina & Big Sur-Version XI (available as of November 2020).
Linux
- Open-source, cross-platform OS for desktops, notebooks, tablets, and smartphones
- Based on the UNIX operating system
- Users can modify, improve and redistribute the code
- Developed by Linus Torvalds
- Popular distributions (distros): Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, Mint, Arch
- Includes command-line interface (CLI) but offers graphical interfaces too
Google Chrome OS
- A popular, thin-client OS designed for specific tasks, like web browsing
- Minimally equipped for a focused function
Server Operating Systems
- Windows Server (familiar GUI)
- UNIX (mature server capabilities, time-tested)
- Linux (free, customizable)
Tablet and Mobile OS
- Popular mobile OSs are SoC based and include: iOS, Android
- Includes downloadable apps from app stores.
iOS
- Apple's OS for iPhones and iPads
- Current version as of September 2020: iOS 14
Android
- A popular OS for smartphones and tablets based on Linux Kernel, developed by Google
- Recent releases include Android 8 Oreo, 9 Pie, and 10 as well as 11
UNIX shell and Utilities
- Shell utilities are separated from the OS kernel
- Configured for flexibility and debugging operations of the OS and is based on many options
Advantages of Linux Operating System
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Open Source: Source code is available for customization
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Security: Less vulnerable than other systems, and requires no antivirus, authorization required by the user
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Free: Freely available for use, no licensing fees for usage compared to proprietary OS
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Lightweight: Reduced memory footprint and storage space needed for execution
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Stable: Known for its stability during system operations
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Flexible: Can be utilized for various devices (desktops, servers, embedded) and provides specific options for various kinds of computer
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Performance: High performance over networks, easily managing multiple simultaneous users
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Multiple Desktop Support: Multiple desktop environments available in Linux, including GNOME and KDE
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Multitasking: Multitasking capabilities without affecting system speed
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Community support: Extensive online support forums and communities
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Easy to Install and maintain: Easy to set up and maintain compared to other systems including easy network configuration
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Wide Compatibility: Usually compatible with a wide range of file formats
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Privacy: Does not require significant personal data from users to operate the system
Distrobutions
- Many distributions are available for Linux's use such as Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, Mint, Arch, etc and can be selected based on user preference
- Live CD/USB options that allow running the OS without installation
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamentals of operating systems, detailing their roles as intermediaries between users and hardware. Participants will learn about various operating system types, key functions, and the importance of compatibility with software and hardware. Additionally, the course will touch upon UNIX, Windows, and open-source systems like Linux.
