Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following describes the relationship between the complexity of problems you can solve and abstraction in programming languages?
Which of the following describes the relationship between the complexity of problems you can solve and abstraction in programming languages?
- Complexity is directly related to the kind and quality of abstraction. (correct)
- Complexity is inversely proportional to the square root of the quality of abstraction.
- Complexity is only related to the quantity of code, not abstraction.
- Complexity is unrelated to abstraction.
How do object-oriented languages encourage programmers to structure their code?
How do object-oriented languages encourage programmers to structure their code?
- In terms of the structure of the problem being solved. (correct)
- In terms of the structure of the computer.
- Without any prescribed structure.
- In terms of algorithms and data structures separately.
What is the primary focus when using procedural languages like Fortran, BASIC, and C?
What is the primary focus when using procedural languages like Fortran, BASIC, and C?
- Structuring code around objects.
- Defining abstract data types.
- Thinking in terms of the structure of the computer. (correct)
- Modeling real-world entities.
In the context of object-oriented programming (OOP), what constitutes a program?
In the context of object-oriented programming (OOP), what constitutes a program?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of object-oriented programming (OOP)?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of object-oriented programming (OOP)?
In OOP, how do objects typically interact with each other?
In OOP, how do objects typically interact with each other?
Which concept is NOT a primary feature in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?
Which concept is NOT a primary feature in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?
What is the primary goal of creating abstract data types (classes) in object-oriented programming?
What is the primary goal of creating abstract data types (classes) in object-oriented programming?
What is the role of an interface in the context of an object?
What is the role of an interface in the context of an object?
In the context of classes, what does the term 'function' refer to when associated with a possible request?
In the context of classes, what does the term 'function' refer to when associated with a possible request?
What is the main responsibility of a 'class creator' in object-oriented design?
What is the main responsibility of a 'class creator' in object-oriented design?
What is the role of a 'client programmer' in object-oriented design?
What is the role of a 'client programmer' in object-oriented design?
Why is hiding the implementation considered beneficial in object-oriented programming?
Why is hiding the implementation considered beneficial in object-oriented programming?
Which access specifier ensures that definitions are accessible from anywhere?
Which access specifier ensures that definitions are accessible from anywhere?
Which access specifier prevents access to definitions except from within the class itself?
Which access specifier prevents access to definitions except from within the class itself?
How does the protected
access specifier differ from the private
access specifier?
How does the protected
access specifier differ from the private
access specifier?
What is the benefit of using access control in object-oriented programming?
What is the benefit of using access control in object-oriented programming?
Which technique involves directly using an object of a class as a member of another class?
Which technique involves directly using an object of a class as a member of another class?
What is the fundamental principle behind inheritance?
What is the fundamental principle behind inheritance?
What is another term for a base class in inheritance?
What is another term for a base class in inheritance?
Which of the following is NOT a term used to describe a class that inherits from another class?
Which of the following is NOT a term used to describe a class that inherits from another class?
What happens when a class inherits from an existing type (base class)?
What happens when a class inherits from an existing type (base class)?
How can a derived class be distinguished from its base class?
How can a derived class be distinguished from its base class?
What is the term for connecting a function call to its function body?
What is the term for connecting a function call to its function body?
What is 'early binding'?
What is 'early binding'?
What is another term for 'late binding'?
What is another term for 'late binding'?
How is polymorphism typically implemented in C++ to achieve late binding?
How is polymorphism typically implemented in C++ to achieve late binding?
What is the static storage area used for?
What is the static storage area used for?
What is the stack primarily used for in memory management?
What is the stack primarily used for in memory management?
Which memory area is managed dynamically at runtime?
Which memory area is managed dynamically at runtime?
In C++, which keyword is used to create a new object on the heap?
In C++, which keyword is used to create a new object on the heap?
In C++, which keyword is used to release memory allocated with new
?
In C++, which keyword is used to release memory allocated with new
?
What is the primary purpose of exception handling?
What is the primary purpose of exception handling?
What happens when an exception is 'thrown'?
What happens when an exception is 'thrown'?
What is a primary goal of C++?
What is a primary goal of C++?
Flashcards
Abstraction
Abstraction
A programming element that simplifies complex operations by hiding the underlying details.
Object-oriented paradigm
Object-oriented paradigm
In object-oriented programming, this paradigm focuses on organizing code around objects and their interactions.
Object
Object
A fundamental concept in OOP where everything is treated as an instance of a class.
Messages
Messages
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Class
Class
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Instance
Instance
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Encapsulation
Encapsulation
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Function
Function
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Interface
Interface
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Public
Public
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Private
Private
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Composition
Composition
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Inheritance
Inheritance
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Base Class
Base Class
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Derived Class
Derived Class
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Adding Functions
Adding Functions
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Overriding
Overriding
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Polymorphism
Polymorphism
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Binding
Binding
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Early Binding
Early Binding
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Late Binding
Late Binding
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Virtual
Virtual
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Static Storage Area
Static Storage Area
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Stack
Stack
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Heap
Heap
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New
New
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Delete
Delete
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Exception Handling
Exception Handling
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Exception
Exception
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Exception Handler
Exception Handler
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Study Notes
- C++ is an object-oriented programming language
- Dandan Song from Beijing Institute of Technology created this material.
- The total course hours are 40
Homework
- Homework gets published in Lexue Platform.
- The due time is strict.
- Plagiarism is forbidden.
Final Score
-
Scores range from 0-100
-
Final Score calculation: Normal Scores (30%) + Final Exam Score (70%)
Introduction to Objects
- All programming languages provide abstractions
- Abstractions in C++ are classes.
- The complexity of problems is directly related to the quality of abstraction
Object-oriented languages
- Require thinking in terms of the structure of the problem being solved.
Procedural languages
- Require thinking in terms of the structure of the computer
- Examples: Fortran, BASIC, and C
Procedural paradigm
- Program = (Algorithms + Data structures)
Object-oriented paradigm
- Object = (Algorithms + Data structures)
- Program = (Object1 + Object2 + ... )
Characteristics of OOP
- Everything is an object.
- Programs consist of objects sending messages to each other.
- Each object has its own memory.
- Every object has a type.
- Objects of the same type can receive the same messages.
OOP Includes
- Encapsulation
- Inheritance
- Polymorphism
Object Creation
- Creating abstract data types (classes) is fundamental to object-oriented programming.
- Variables (objects or instances) of a class (type) can be created and manipulated by sending messages or requests.
- A Class describes objects with the same characteristics (data elements) and behaviors (functionality).
Object Interface
- The interface establishes requests available for an object.
- A class has a function for each possible request.
- When a request is made, the associated function is called.
Hidden Implementation
- Class creators build classes exposing only what's necessary, hiding the rest.
- Client programmers use classes from a toolbox for rapid development.
- Hiding implementation reduces program bugs.
Access Specifiers
- Public, private, and protected are access specifiers.
- Public definitions are available to everyone.
- Private definitions are accessible only by the class creator and member functions.
- Private acts as a barrier between creator and client programmer.
- Protected is like private, but inheriting classes can access protected members.
Access Control
- Access control prevents client programmers from touching certain parts.
- Access control allows library designers to change internal workings without affecting client programmers.
Reusing Implementation
- Composition: use an object of a class directly.
- Inheritance: clone an existing class and modify the clone.
Inheritance
- Base and Parent Class are also known as shapes
- Derived, inherited, sub, and child class mean the same thing
- Inheritance is reusing the interface.
- Inheriting from an existing type creates a new type.
- This type includes all members of existing type and duplicates the base class interface.
- The derived class can be the same type as the base class.
- To differentiate, add new functions, or override existing base-class functions.
Polymorphism
- Polymorphism is the interchange of objects
- Connecting a function call to a function body is called binding.
- Binding before program execution (compiler/linker) is early binding.
- Binding at runtime is late, dynamic, or runtime binding.
- Polymorphism uses the virtual keyword for late-binding function flexibility.
Object Creation
- Where an objects data is held is determined by its lifetime
- The static storage area is memory allocated before the program starts
- The stack stores data directly by the microprocessor during execution.
- The heap is managed dynamically at runtime.
- "new" creates an object/storage and "delete" releases the storage.
Exception Handling
- Exception handling integrates error handling into the programming language and operating system.
- An exception is an object "thrown" from the error site and "caught" by an exception handler for that error type.
- Exception handling does not interfere with normal code execution.
Goal of C++
- C++ solves developer problems, especially for those with C investments.
- The goal of C++ is to improve productivity.
Transition to OOP
- Training
- Low-risk project
- Model from success
- Use existing class libraries
- Do not rewrite existing code in C++
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