Introduction to Objects in C++

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following describes the relationship between the complexity of problems you can solve and abstraction in programming languages?

  • Complexity is directly related to the kind and quality of abstraction. (correct)
  • Complexity is inversely proportional to the square root of the quality of abstraction.
  • Complexity is only related to the quantity of code, not abstraction.
  • Complexity is unrelated to abstraction.

How do object-oriented languages encourage programmers to structure their code?

  • In terms of the structure of the problem being solved. (correct)
  • In terms of the structure of the computer.
  • Without any prescribed structure.
  • In terms of algorithms and data structures separately.

What is the primary focus when using procedural languages like Fortran, BASIC, and C?

  • Structuring code around objects.
  • Defining abstract data types.
  • Thinking in terms of the structure of the computer. (correct)
  • Modeling real-world entities.

In the context of object-oriented programming (OOP), what constitutes a program?

<p>A combination of interacting objects. (D)</p>
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Which of the following is a key characteristic of object-oriented programming (OOP)?

<p>Everything can be treated as an object. (B)</p>
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In OOP, how do objects typically interact with each other?

<p>By sending messages to each other. (A)</p>
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Which concept is NOT a primary feature in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?

<p>Global Variables (A)</p>
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What is the primary goal of creating abstract data types (classes) in object-oriented programming?

<p>To define new data types with specific characteristics and behaviors. (D)</p>
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What is the role of an interface in the context of an object?

<p>To define what requests can be made to a particular object. (B)</p>
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In the context of classes, what does the term 'function' refer to when associated with a possible request?

<p>A member that is called when a object receives a request. (B)</p>
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What is the main responsibility of a 'class creator' in object-oriented design?

<p>To build classes that expose only what's necessary and keep the rest hidden. (D)</p>
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What is the role of a 'client programmer' in object-oriented design?

<p>To create toolboxes using classes for rapid application development. (C)</p>
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Why is hiding the implementation considered beneficial in object-oriented programming?

<p>It reduces the number of program bugs. (D)</p>
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Which access specifier ensures that definitions are accessible from anywhere?

<p><code>public</code> (C)</p>
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Which access specifier prevents access to definitions except from within the class itself?

<p><code>private</code> (B)</p>
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How does the protected access specifier differ from the private access specifier?

<p><code>protected</code> members are accessible to inheriting classes, while <code>private</code> members are not. (C)</p>
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What is the benefit of using access control in object-oriented programming?

<p>It allows the library designer to change internal workings without affecting client code. (A)</p>
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Which technique involves directly using an object of a class as a member of another class?

<p>Composition (B)</p>
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What is the fundamental principle behind inheritance?

<p>Creating new classes from existing ones. (C)</p>
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What is another term for a base class in inheritance?

<p>Parent class (A)</p>
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Which of the following is NOT a term used to describe a class that inherits from another class?

<p>Base class (B)</p>
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What happens when a class inherits from an existing type (base class)?

<p>A new type is created, containing the members and duplicating the interface of the base class. (C)</p>
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How can a derived class be distinguished from its base class?

<p>By adding new functions or overriding existing base-class functions. (A)</p>
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What is the term for connecting a function call to its function body?

<p>Binding (D)</p>
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What is 'early binding'?

<p>Binding that is performed before the program is run (by the compiler and linker). (C)</p>
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What is another term for 'late binding'?

<p>Dynamic binding (C)</p>
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How is polymorphism typically implemented in C++ to achieve late binding?

<p>By using the <code>virtual</code> keyword. (D)</p>
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What is the static storage area used for?

<p>Storing data that is allocated before the program begins to run. (A)</p>
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What is the stack primarily used for in memory management?

<p>Storing data directly used by the microprocessor during program execution. (A)</p>
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Which memory area is managed dynamically at runtime?

<p>The heap (C)</p>
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In C++, which keyword is used to create a new object on the heap?

<p><code>new</code> (B)</p>
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In C++, which keyword is used to release memory allocated with new?

<p><code>delete</code> (A)</p>
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What is the primary purpose of exception handling?

<p>To directly handle errors within the programming language. (B)</p>
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What happens when an exception is 'thrown'?

<p>Control is transferred to an appropriate exception handler. (B)</p>
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What is a primary goal of C++?

<p>To improve productivity. (B)</p>
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Flashcards

Abstraction

A programming element that simplifies complex operations by hiding the underlying details.

Object-oriented paradigm

In object-oriented programming, this paradigm focuses on organizing code around objects and their interactions.

Object

A fundamental concept in OOP where everything is treated as an instance of a class.

Messages

The ability of objects to communicate by sending requests to each other.

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Class

A blueprint for creating objects, defining their characteristics and behaviors.

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Instance

An instance of a class; a concrete realization of the class blueprint.

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Encapsulation

Combining data and the code that operates on that data into a single unit.

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Function

A class-associated function that defines a possible action for an object of that class.

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Interface

Defines the requests that can be made to an object.

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Public

Access specifier allowing unrestricted access.

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Private

Access specifier restricting access to within the class.

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Composition

Combines objects of different classes to create more complex objects.

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Inheritance

Creating a new class from an existing class, inheriting its properties and behaviors.

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Base Class

A class that is inherited from.

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Derived Class

A class that inherits from another class.

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Adding Functions

Adding new functions to a derived class.

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Overriding

Redefining an existing base-class function in a derived class.

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Polymorphism

The ability of different classes to respond differently to the same method call.

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Binding

Connecting a function call to its body.

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Early Binding

Binding performed during compilation.

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Late Binding

Binding performed during program execution.

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Virtual

A keyword in C++ for late-binding properties.

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Static Storage Area

A memory area allocated when the program begins.

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Stack

A memory area for storing data during program execution.

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Heap

A memory area managed dynamically at runtime.

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New

C++ operator used to create new objects.

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Delete

C++ operator used to release memory occupied by objects.

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Exception Handling

A method for handling runtime errors in a structured way.

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Exception

Object thrown when an error occurs.

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Exception Handler

A block of code that handles a specific type of exception.

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Study Notes

  • C++ is an object-oriented programming language
  • Dandan Song from Beijing Institute of Technology created this material.
  • The total course hours are 40

Homework

  • Homework gets published in Lexue Platform.
  • The due time is strict.
  • Plagiarism is forbidden.

Final Score

  • Scores range from 0-100

  • Final Score calculation: Normal Scores (30%) + Final Exam Score (70%)

Introduction to Objects

  • All programming languages provide abstractions
  • Abstractions in C++ are classes.
  • The complexity of problems is directly related to the quality of abstraction

Object-oriented languages

  • Require thinking in terms of the structure of the problem being solved.

Procedural languages

  • Require thinking in terms of the structure of the computer
  • Examples: Fortran, BASIC, and C

Procedural paradigm

  • Program = (Algorithms + Data structures)

Object-oriented paradigm

  • Object = (Algorithms + Data structures)
  • Program = (Object1 + Object2 + ... )

Characteristics of OOP

  • Everything is an object.
  • Programs consist of objects sending messages to each other.
  • Each object has its own memory.
  • Every object has a type.
  • Objects of the same type can receive the same messages.

OOP Includes

  • Encapsulation
  • Inheritance
  • Polymorphism

Object Creation

  • Creating abstract data types (classes) is fundamental to object-oriented programming.
  • Variables (objects or instances) of a class (type) can be created and manipulated by sending messages or requests.
  • A Class describes objects with the same characteristics (data elements) and behaviors (functionality).

Object Interface

  • The interface establishes requests available for an object.
  • A class has a function for each possible request.
  • When a request is made, the associated function is called.

Hidden Implementation

  • Class creators build classes exposing only what's necessary, hiding the rest.
  • Client programmers use classes from a toolbox for rapid development.
  • Hiding implementation reduces program bugs.

Access Specifiers

  • Public, private, and protected are access specifiers.
  • Public definitions are available to everyone.
  • Private definitions are accessible only by the class creator and member functions.
  • Private acts as a barrier between creator and client programmer.
  • Protected is like private, but inheriting classes can access protected members.

Access Control

  • Access control prevents client programmers from touching certain parts.
  • Access control allows library designers to change internal workings without affecting client programmers.

Reusing Implementation

  • Composition: use an object of a class directly.
  • Inheritance: clone an existing class and modify the clone.

Inheritance

  • Base and Parent Class are also known as shapes
  • Derived, inherited, sub, and child class mean the same thing
  • Inheritance is reusing the interface.
  • Inheriting from an existing type creates a new type.
  • This type includes all members of existing type and duplicates the base class interface.
  • The derived class can be the same type as the base class.
  • To differentiate, add new functions, or override existing base-class functions.

Polymorphism

  • Polymorphism is the interchange of objects
  • Connecting a function call to a function body is called binding.
  • Binding before program execution (compiler/linker) is early binding.
  • Binding at runtime is late, dynamic, or runtime binding.
  • Polymorphism uses the virtual keyword for late-binding function flexibility.

Object Creation

  • Where an objects data is held is determined by its lifetime
  • The static storage area is memory allocated before the program starts
  • The stack stores data directly by the microprocessor during execution.
  • The heap is managed dynamically at runtime.
  • "new" creates an object/storage and "delete" releases the storage.

Exception Handling

  • Exception handling integrates error handling into the programming language and operating system.
  • An exception is an object "thrown" from the error site and "caught" by an exception handler for that error type.
  • Exception handling does not interfere with normal code execution.

Goal of C++

  • C++ solves developer problems, especially for those with C investments.
  • The goal of C++ is to improve productivity.

Transition to OOP

  • Training
  • Low-risk project
  • Model from success
  • Use existing class libraries
  • Do not rewrite existing code in C++

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