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Questions and Answers
What do plants use to convert sunlight energy into chemical energy?
What do plants use to convert sunlight energy into chemical energy?
Plants can produce their own food without sunlight.
Plants can produce their own food without sunlight.
False
What three essential components do plants get from their environment?
What three essential components do plants get from their environment?
Water, carbon dioxide, and necessary minerals
Plants absorb sunlight energy through ______ in their chloroplast.
Plants absorb sunlight energy through ______ in their chloroplast.
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Match the following terms with their associated functions:
Match the following terms with their associated functions:
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What type of organism does Euglena become if it loses its chloroplast?
What type of organism does Euglena become if it loses its chloroplast?
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Euglena relies solely on autotrophic methods to obtain food under all conditions.
Euglena relies solely on autotrophic methods to obtain food under all conditions.
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In the absence of light, how does Euglena obtain its food?
In the absence of light, how does Euglena obtain its food?
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Euglena can lose its chloroplast and live as a _______ organism when deprived of light.
Euglena can lose its chloroplast and live as a _______ organism when deprived of light.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What is a stack of thylakoids called?
What is a stack of thylakoids called?
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Thylakoids are the primary site for photosynthesis in plant cells.
Thylakoids are the primary site for photosynthesis in plant cells.
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What do thylakoids contain that is crucial for the photosynthesis process?
What do thylakoids contain that is crucial for the photosynthesis process?
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Each ______ is a flattened sac that makes up the granum.
Each ______ is a flattened sac that makes up the granum.
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Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
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Which two elements are essential for the activation of enzymes in photosynthesis?
Which two elements are essential for the activation of enzymes in photosynthesis?
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Soil ventilation has no effect on photosynthesis.
Soil ventilation has no effect on photosynthesis.
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What role do manganese and magnesium play in photosynthesis?
What role do manganese and magnesium play in photosynthesis?
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Manganese and magnesium are important for the activation of __________ in photosynthesis.
Manganese and magnesium are important for the activation of __________ in photosynthesis.
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What is the primary function of xylem vessels in plants?
What is the primary function of xylem vessels in plants?
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Carbon dioxide is absorbed by the chloroplasts directly.
Carbon dioxide is absorbed by the chloroplasts directly.
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What are the two main parts of a chloroplast?
What are the two main parts of a chloroplast?
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Water is absorbed by the roots and transported by _____ vessels.
Water is absorbed by the roots and transported by _____ vessels.
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Match the following plant structures with their functions:
Match the following plant structures with their functions:
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What is the primary function of the rodent mouthparts in grasshoppers?
What is the primary function of the rodent mouthparts in grasshoppers?
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Rodent mouthparts in grasshoppers are used primarily for sucking food.
Rodent mouthparts in grasshoppers are used primarily for sucking food.
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What type of mouthparts do grasshoppers have?
What type of mouthparts do grasshoppers have?
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The jaws of grasshoppers are involved in __________ food.
The jaws of grasshoppers are involved in __________ food.
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Match the following features of grasshopper mouthparts with their functions:
Match the following features of grasshopper mouthparts with their functions:
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Study Notes
Introduction to Nutrition and Digestion
- All organisms, primarily humans, need energy to survive.
- The main source of energy on Earth is the Sun.
- Life on Earth depends on sunlight energy.
- Two types of nutrition exist: autotrophic and heterotrophic.
Autotrophic Nutrition
- Autotrophs prepare their own food.
- Plants are the main example of autotrophs.
- Plants obtain water, carbon dioxide, and minerals from their environment.
- Using chlorophyll in chloroplasts, plants convert sunlight energy into chemical energy, producing their own food.
- Some bacteria can use chemical bond energy to synthesize organic materials.
Heterotrophic Nutrition
- Heterotrophs depend on autotrophs or other organisms for food.
- Animals are the main example of heterotrophs.
- Animals obtain energy for survival and reproduction from food.
Nutrition in Unicellular Organisms
- Unicellular organisms can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
- Euglena, an example, can be both.
- In darkness, Euglena can become heterotrophic.
Transport of Materials Across Cell Membranes
- Diffusion: Movement of materials from high to low concentration, no energy required.
- Osmosis: Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane (from high water concentration to low).
- Active transport: Movement of materials from low to high concentration, requiring energy.
- Phagocytosis: Cell "swallowing" large particles.
- Pinocytosis: Cell "drinking" fluids.
- Exocytosis: Removal of waste products from the cell.
Phagocytosis
- Cell membrane forms pseudopodia to surround food.
- Food vacuole formed in cytoplasm.
- Vacuole fuses with lysosomes for digestion.
- Digested food passes into cytoplasm.
Saprophytic Nutrition
- Fungi are saprophytic organisms.
- They obtain energy by the breakdown of dead organisms.
- They play a role in recycling materials in nature.
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy (sugars).
- The reaction is 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
- Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis.
- Thylakoid membranes are responsible for light reactions.
- Stroma is responsible for dark reactions (Calvin cycle).
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
- Water: Affects osmotic pressure and gas exchange, impacting CO₂ uptake.
- Carbon dioxide: An essential reactant. Lower availability reduces photosynthesis.
- Light: Photosynthesis rate increases with light intensity to a point, and specific wavelengths are absorbed most efficiently.
- Temperature: Optimal temperature range for enzymes, beyond which they denature.
- Minerals: Essential for chlorophyll function and enzyme activity.
- Soil ventilation: Adequate oxygen is crucial for root function and nutrient uptake.
- Plant diseases: Viruses, bacteria, and fungi can negatively impact photosynthesis.
- Atmospheric pollutants: Dust, pesticides, and smoke decrease the rate.
- Genetic factors: Leaf structure, number of stomata, and chlorophyll levels influence photosynthesis.
Methods of Digestion
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Intracellular digestion: Breakdown of materials inside the cell.
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Extracellular digestion: Breakdown of materials outside the cell.
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Animals use different feeding mechanisms for different food sources: direct feeding, feeding on plankton, feeding on solid particles, and feeding on liquids.
Types of Teeth
- Incisors—cutting teeth.
- Canines—tearing, piercing
- Premolars—grinding.
- Molars—grinding.
Plant Disorders
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Fungi
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of nutrition and digestion, highlighting the differences between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition. It covers the roles of plants and animals in the ecosystem, and discusses unicellular organisms that can exhibit both types of nutrition. Test your understanding of these essential biological processes.
