Introduction to Nutrition and Digestion
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Questions and Answers

What do plants use to convert sunlight energy into chemical energy?

  • Chlorophyll (correct)
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water
  • Minerals

Plants can produce their own food without sunlight.

False (B)

What three essential components do plants get from their environment?

Water, carbon dioxide, and necessary minerals

Plants absorb sunlight energy through ______ in their chloroplast.

<p>chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their associated functions:

<p>Chloroplast = Site of photosynthesis Chlorophyll = Light-absorbing pigment Photosynthesis = Process of producing food Minerals = Nutrients necessary for plant growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism does Euglena become if it loses its chloroplast?

<p>Heterotrophic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Euglena relies solely on autotrophic methods to obtain food under all conditions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the absence of light, how does Euglena obtain its food?

<p>From the environment as a heterotrophic organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Euglena can lose its chloroplast and live as a _______ organism when deprived of light.

<p>heterotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Autotrophic = Obtains food through photosynthesis Heterotrophic = Obtains food from the environment Chloroplast = Site of photosynthesis in organisms Euglena = Organism that can switch between modes of nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a stack of thylakoids called?

<p>Granum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thylakoids are the primary site for photosynthesis in plant cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do thylakoids contain that is crucial for the photosynthesis process?

<p>Chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each ______ is a flattened sac that makes up the granum.

<p>thylakoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

<p>Granum = Stack of thylakoids Thylakoid = Flattened sac within a granum Chlorophyll = Pigment that captures light energy Photosystem = Complex of proteins and pigments for photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two elements are essential for the activation of enzymes in photosynthesis?

<p>Manganese and Magnesium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Soil ventilation has no effect on photosynthesis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do manganese and magnesium play in photosynthesis?

<p>They activate enzymes used in light and dark reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Manganese and magnesium are important for the activation of __________ in photosynthesis.

<p>enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of xylem vessels in plants?

<p>Transporting water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbon dioxide is absorbed by the chloroplasts directly.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main parts of a chloroplast?

<p>grana and stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water is absorbed by the roots and transported by _____ vessels.

<p>xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant structures with their functions:

<p>Xylem = Transport water Stoma = Gas exchange Chloroplast = Site of photosynthesis Grana = Light absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the rodent mouthparts in grasshoppers?

<p>Cutting and grinding food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rodent mouthparts in grasshoppers are used primarily for sucking food.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mouthparts do grasshoppers have?

<p>Rodent mouthparts</p> Signup and view all the answers

The jaws of grasshoppers are involved in __________ food.

<p>cutting and grinding</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following features of grasshopper mouthparts with their functions:

<p>Jaws = Cutting food Mandibles = Grinding food Labrum = Holding food Maxillae = Helping in manipulation of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create their own food (glucose).

Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in plants that absorbs sunlight energy for photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts

The tiny organelles within plant cells that contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis.

Absorption

The process of absorbing necessary substances from the environment, such as water, carbon dioxide, and minerals.

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Chemical Energy

The form of energy stored in food that plants create through photosynthesis.

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Euglena's heterotrophic nutrition

Euglena obtain food from the environment, like heterotrophic organisms, when there is no light available.

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Euglena's autotrophic nutrition

Euglena can produce their own food through photosynthesis using chloroplasts when light is present.

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Chloroplast loss in Euglena

If Euglena are kept in the dark for an extended period, they lose their chloroplasts and can no longer perform photosynthesis.

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Euglena's nutritional flexibility

The ability to switch between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition depending on the environment.

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Euglena becoming heterotrophic

When Euglena lose their chloroplasts, they can no longer produce their own food and rely on consuming organic matter.

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Granum

A stack of flattened sacs called thylakoids, containing chlorophyll, where photosynthesis takes place.

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Thylakoid

Flattened sacs within a granum that hold chlorophyll and are the sites of light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

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Photosystem

A series of molecules within a thylakoid that capture light energy to power photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is a component of these.

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Role of Manganese and Magnesium in Photosynthesis

Manganese and magnesium are minerals essential for activating enzymes involved in both light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.

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Soil Ventilation

Soil ventilation refers to the movement of air through the soil, allowing for oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release.

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How Soil Ventilation Impacts Photosynthesis

Adequate soil ventilation is crucial for photosynthesis because it ensures sufficient oxygen supply for plant roots, which is necessary for efficient nutrient uptake and energy production needed for photosynthesis.

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Impact of Poor Soil Ventilation on Photosynthesis

Poor soil ventilation can limit oxygen availability to plant roots, leading to reduced nutrient absorption and energy production. This, in turn, hinders the plant's ability to carry out photosynthesis efficiently.

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Maintaining Good Soil Ventilation for Photosynthesis

Maintaining healthy soil ventilation is essential for optimal plant growth and photosynthesis. Practices like tilling, mulching, and avoiding soil compaction contribute to good ventilation.

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Water Transport in Plants

The process by which plants take in water from the soil through their roots and transport it upwards using specialized tubes called xylem vessels.

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Stoma

The tiny pores on the underside of leaves that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit the plant.

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Stroma

The fluid-filled space surrounding the grana within chloroplasts where the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis takes place.

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Rodent mouth parts in Grasshoppers

These mouthparts are specialized for chewing and grinding food.

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Jaws in Grasshoppers

In Grasshoppers, these strong jaws are used for cutting and grinding plant material.

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Function of Grasshopper mouthparts

These mouthparts allow Grasshoppers to break down tough plant material effectively.

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Grasshopper feeding habits

Grasshoppers are herbivores, meaning they primarily eat plants.

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Invertebrate mouthpart adaptation

Some invertebrates, like Grasshoppers, have rodent-like mouthparts adapted for chewing and grinding.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Nutrition and Digestion

  • All organisms, primarily humans, need energy to survive.
  • The main source of energy on Earth is the Sun.
  • Life on Earth depends on sunlight energy.
  • Two types of nutrition exist: autotrophic and heterotrophic.

Autotrophic Nutrition

  • Autotrophs prepare their own food.
  • Plants are the main example of autotrophs.
  • Plants obtain water, carbon dioxide, and minerals from their environment.
  • Using chlorophyll in chloroplasts, plants convert sunlight energy into chemical energy, producing their own food.
  • Some bacteria can use chemical bond energy to synthesize organic materials.

Heterotrophic Nutrition

  • Heterotrophs depend on autotrophs or other organisms for food.
  • Animals are the main example of heterotrophs.
  • Animals obtain energy for survival and reproduction from food.

Nutrition in Unicellular Organisms

  • Unicellular organisms can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
  • Euglena, an example, can be both.
  • In darkness, Euglena can become heterotrophic.

Transport of Materials Across Cell Membranes

  • Diffusion: Movement of materials from high to low concentration, no energy required.
  • Osmosis: Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane (from high water concentration to low).
  • Active transport: Movement of materials from low to high concentration, requiring energy.
  • Phagocytosis: Cell "swallowing" large particles.
  • Pinocytosis: Cell "drinking" fluids.
  • Exocytosis: Removal of waste products from the cell.

Phagocytosis

  • Cell membrane forms pseudopodia to surround food.
  • Food vacuole formed in cytoplasm.
  • Vacuole fuses with lysosomes for digestion.
  • Digested food passes into cytoplasm.

Saprophytic Nutrition

  • Fungi are saprophytic organisms.
  • They obtain energy by the breakdown of dead organisms.
  • They play a role in recycling materials in nature.

Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy (sugars).
  • The reaction is 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
  • Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis.
  • Thylakoid membranes are responsible for light reactions.
  • Stroma is responsible for dark reactions (Calvin cycle).

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

  • Water: Affects osmotic pressure and gas exchange, impacting CO₂ uptake.
  • Carbon dioxide: An essential reactant. Lower availability reduces photosynthesis.
  • Light: Photosynthesis rate increases with light intensity to a point, and specific wavelengths are absorbed most efficiently.
  • Temperature: Optimal temperature range for enzymes, beyond which they denature.
  • Minerals: Essential for chlorophyll function and enzyme activity.
  • Soil ventilation: Adequate oxygen is crucial for root function and nutrient uptake.
  • Plant diseases: Viruses, bacteria, and fungi can negatively impact photosynthesis.
  • Atmospheric pollutants: Dust, pesticides, and smoke decrease the rate.
  • Genetic factors: Leaf structure, number of stomata, and chlorophyll levels influence photosynthesis.

Methods of Digestion

  • Intracellular digestion: Breakdown of materials inside the cell.

  • Extracellular digestion: Breakdown of materials outside the cell.

  • Animals use different feeding mechanisms for different food sources: direct feeding, feeding on plankton, feeding on solid particles, and feeding on liquids.

Types of Teeth

  • Incisors—cutting teeth.
  • Canines—tearing, piercing
  • Premolars—grinding.
  • Molars—grinding.

Plant Disorders

  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi

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Description

This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of nutrition and digestion, highlighting the differences between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition. It covers the roles of plants and animals in the ecosystem, and discusses unicellular organisms that can exhibit both types of nutrition. Test your understanding of these essential biological processes.

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