Questions and Answers
What is the percentage weight of the Mid-Semester Examination in the evaluation components?
15%
What grading system is used in the course?
Absolute grading
Which of the following is a type of digital programmable system?
Continuous variables have _____ possible number of values within a finite range.
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Discrete variables can have infinite values within a finite range.
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What is the purpose of Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC)?
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Which of the following is an example of an analog signal?
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What theorem is associated with the sampling frequency in ADC operations?
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The maximum quantization error is _____ of the quantization step.
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Why is binary preferred over decimal in signal processing?
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Study Notes
Course Overview
- Introduction to various number systems, microprocessors, and their applications in real-time systems.
- Integrated Development Environment (IDE) will be explored alongside programming practices.
Evaluation Components
- Mid-Semester Examination accounts for 15% of the final grade.
- End Semester Examination contributes 25% to the overall evaluation.
- Assignments, quizzes, weekly reports, and a project each constitute 15% of the final mark.
Grading System
- Absolute grading system with specific ranges for letter grades.
- Grades range from A (90-100) to NP (0-29).
Digital Electronic Circuits
- Digital circuits classified into non-programmable (e.g., logic gates, flip-flops) and programmable circuits (e.g., microprocessors).
- Strong emphasis placed on understanding programmable circuits.
Digital Programmable Systems
- Two categories: general-purpose systems (e.g., laptops, desktops) and special-purpose systems (e.g., washing machines, mobile devices).
- Focus on foundational concepts of special-purpose systems.
General Algorithm
- Process consists of reading input, processing it, generating control signals, displaying results, and looping back to read input again.
Continuous vs. Discrete Variables
- Discrete variables used for computer processing; continuous variables have infinite potential values (e.g., temperature, distance).
- Discrete examples include counts of objects; they are represented as finite numbers.
Analog to Digital Conversion
- Continuous variables must be converted to discrete formats for computer processing.
- Signals defined as functions of time, and must be converted into electrical signals via sensors.
Types of Signals
- Analog Signal: Characterized by continuous amplitude and time (CA/CT).
- Digital Signal: Defined by discrete amplitude and time (DA/DT); often produced by analog sensors and converted using Analog to Digital Converters (ADC).
ADC Operations
- Sampling process converts analog signals (CA/CT) to digital form (CA/DT).
- Nyquist theorem necessitates a sampling frequency (fs) of at least double the maximum frequency (fmax) of the signal to avoid aliasing.
Examples of Sampling Frequencies
- Speech signal sampled at 8 Ksamples/s with a fmax of 3.5 KHz.
- Sound signal sampled at 48 Ksamples/s with a fmax of 20 KHz.
Sampling Process
- Utilizes a multiplier where an analog signal is combined with a periodic pulse train.
Quantization
- Converts continuous amplitude into discrete amplitudes, defined mathematically.
- Formula for quantization step (q): q = (Vmax – Vmin)/(2^n), where n is the number of bits used.
Encoding
- Encoders convert quantized amplitudes into binary values for efficient digital representation.
- The binary system is preferred due to its efficiency in using only two stable voltage levels.
Benefits of Binary Encoding
- Requires fewer stable levels compared to decimal systems.
- Reduces the effect of noise, which is crucial for long-distance signal transmission.
- Facilitates easier processing through Boolean logic in circuits.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts from the ENR107 course, focusing on number systems, microprocessors, and IDEs. It also touches on programming applications relevant to real-time systems. Understand the evaluation components and grading rubric to prepare effectively for the course.
