Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following diseases has shown significant drug resistance?
Which of the following diseases has shown significant drug resistance?
What percentage of the world's population primarily relies on medicinal plants for healthcare?
What percentage of the world's population primarily relies on medicinal plants for healthcare?
What is the main reason for the increasing concern related to drug resistance?
What is the main reason for the increasing concern related to drug resistance?
What is the approximate number of new cases of Malaria reported annually?
What is the approximate number of new cases of Malaria reported annually?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a significant challenge for drug discovery?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a significant challenge for drug discovery?
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Which of these natural products is not derived from the shikimate pathway?
Which of these natural products is not derived from the shikimate pathway?
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Which of the following is not a potential use of medicinal plants?
Which of the following is not a potential use of medicinal plants?
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Which of these natural product categories is not derived from the mevalonate pathway?
Which of these natural product categories is not derived from the mevalonate pathway?
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Natural products play a crucial role in ecological interactions. Which of the following is not an example of such an interaction?
Natural products play a crucial role in ecological interactions. Which of the following is not an example of such an interaction?
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What is the main reason why the cost of developing a new drug is so high?
What is the main reason why the cost of developing a new drug is so high?
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Which of the following statements is true about the role of natural products in medicine?
Which of the following statements is true about the role of natural products in medicine?
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Why are natural products important to the pharmaceutical industry?
Why are natural products important to the pharmaceutical industry?
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Which of these is not a biosynthetic pathway for secondary metabolites?
Which of these is not a biosynthetic pathway for secondary metabolites?
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Which natural product was first isolated in 1806 by Sertürner?
Which natural product was first isolated in 1806 by Sertürner?
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What is the main type of alkaloid found in Strychnos nux-vomica?
What is the main type of alkaloid found in Strychnos nux-vomica?
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Which detection method provides a dark blue to dark green color when used with ferrous solutions?
Which detection method provides a dark blue to dark green color when used with ferrous solutions?
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What is the purpose of acidification in the extraction of alkaloids?
What is the purpose of acidification in the extraction of alkaloids?
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In which year was quinine isolated by Pelletier and Caventou?
In which year was quinine isolated by Pelletier and Caventou?
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Which reagent is semi-specific for detecting flavonoids?
Which reagent is semi-specific for detecting flavonoids?
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Who conducted the first synthesis of Morphine in 1954?
Who conducted the first synthesis of Morphine in 1954?
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What is the role of organic solvents in the extraction of alkaloids from powdered plants?
What is the role of organic solvents in the extraction of alkaloids from powdered plants?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Natural Products Chemistry
- Course offered by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khairana Husain
- Course code: NFNF1813
Medicinal Plants
- Defined as plants containing properties or compounds usable for therapeutic purposes, or those synthesizing metabolites for useful drugs (WHO 2008).
Medicinal Agents from Natural Sources
- Categorized into:
- Fully natural
- Semisynthetic
- Fully synthetic
- Examples include:
- Clavulanic acid
- Aspirin
- Pethidine
Importance of Medicinal Plants
- 80% of the global population relies on medicinal plants.
- In Western countries, roughly 35% of prescribed medications have natural origins.
- Over 50% of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs originate from medicinal plants.
Major Killer Diseases Worldwide
- AIDS: 3.1 million deaths annually, 5.5 million new cases.
- Tuberculosis: 2 million deaths annually, 8 million new cases.
- Diarrheal Diseases: 1.9 million deaths.
- Malaria: 1 million deaths annually, 300-500 million new cases.
- Hepatitis B Virus: 1 million deaths annually, 10-30 million new cases.
- SARS (2004): 8,096 cases, 774 deaths (648 in HK/China).
- Tobacco-related: 3.5 million deaths (primarily cancer and lung diseases).
- COVID-19: unknown death toll.
Some Issues for Drug Discovery
- Major global diseases lack effective treatments.
- Drug resistance (anti-infective, anti-cancer, antimalarial, etc.) is increasing.
- New diseases are emerging (SARS, avian flu, Marburg virus, COVID-19, etc.).
- The cost of developing a new drug is at least $800 million (unaffordable in most parts of the world).
- The role of natural products as established pharmaceuticals is well-acknowledged.
Medicinal Plants as a Bio-Resource
- A rich source of materials for:
- Traditional medicine
- Modern medicines
- Nutraceuticals
- Food supplements
- Folk medicines
- Pharmaceutical intermediates
- Chemical entities for synthetic drugs
Natural Products Chemistry (Classification)
- Shikimic acid-derived: phenylpropenes, lignans, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins
- Polyketides: fatty acids, glycerides, tetracyclines, griseofulvins, erythromycin A, statins
- Terpenes: monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, tetraterpenes
- Glycosides: cyanide glycosides, glucosinolates, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinone glycosides
- Alkaloids: pyridine, piperidine, pyrrolizidine, phenylalkylamine, quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, tropane, xanthine, imidazole
Types of Phytochemicals
- Oils and Fats
- Prostaglandins
- Vitamins
- Steroids
- Lignins
- Proteins
- Antibiotics
- Mycotoxins, etc.
- Terpenoids
- Alkaloids
- Flavonoids
- Carbohydrates
- Lignans
- Nucleic acid
- Pigments
- Pheromones
Metabolic Pathways of Natural Products
- Metabolic pathways connecting various natural product classes, showcasing their biosynthesis processes.
Biosynthetic Pathways of Secondary Metabolites
- Key pathways like acetate, shikimate, mevalonate, and deoxyxylulose phosphate
- Leading to the synthesis of various secondary metabolites.
Natural Products and Ecology
- Plants, fungi, bacteria, lichens, insects, and animals produce a diverse range of organic compounds.
- Examples of these compounds and their functions.
Systematic Approach of Natural Products Drug Discovery
- A systematic process that begins with plant, microbes, or marine biomass,
- Followed by extraction steps, screenings, bioassays, isolations, structure elucidation, large-scale isolation, chemical modifications, in-vivo studies, and clinical trials.
A Road Map for Medicinal Plant Development
- A comprehensive approach outlining steps required for identifying and developing new medicines from medicinal plants (considerations for safety, toxicity, testing, etc.).
Some Milestones in Natural Products Chemistry
- Historical discoveries of key natural products like morphine, strychnine, and quinine, including isolation, structure elucidation, and synthesis.
Detection Methods
- General chemical reagents (ferric chloride : dark blue to dark green color)
- Semi-specific chemical reagents (Bate-Smith reaction: tannins, Cyanidine test: flavonoids, Bornträger reaction: anthracenosides)
Tests for Alkaloids
- Most alkaloids precipitate from neutral or slightly acidic solutions using:
- Dragendorff's reagent (potassium bismuth iodide): orange precipitate.
- Mayer's reagent (potassium mercuric iodide): cream precipitate.
- Wagner's reagent (iodine in potassium iodide): red-brown precipitate.
- Hager's reagent (picric acid): yellow precipitate.
Extraction of Phenolics in a Neutral Medium
- Process details for extracting phenols from plant materials. Includes use of hydroalcoholic solutions, reduced pressure, organic solvents, aqueous solutions, and isolation of glucosides.
General Extraction of Alkaloids from Powdered Plants
- Plant material and solvent; organic solvent dissolving alkaloids and impurities; concentration; acidification; and alkalinization steps leading to separation (alkaloid-containing solution and a neutral organic layer).
General Isolation Strategy of Natural Products
- Ground plant; solvent extraction yields crude plant extract; following fractionation, chromatography; (crude compound purification); yields a pure compound; and structure determination steps for determining the chemical structure of the pure compound.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of natural products chemistry with a focus on medicinal plants and their therapeutic uses. Understand the classifications of medicinal agents sourced from natural origins and their significance in modern medicine. This course emphasizes the importance of botanicals in addressing major global health challenges.
