Eco 2024 Mushrooms Study Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Mushrooms are members of the Kingdom ______, one of the largest and most diverse groups of organisms.

Fungi

The study of fungi is called ______, and the people who study them are known as mycologists.

mycology

Fungi play critical roles in ______ recycling by breaking down organic matter.

nutrient

Mycorrhizae, or “fungus-______” is a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a plant’s roots.

root Signup and view all the answers

Fungi are important components of all ______ because they play critical roles in nutrient recycling by breaking down organic matter.

ecosystems Signup and view all the answers

______ are destructive plant pathogens, causing plant disease, while others enhance plant growth through the formation of mycorrhizae.

Some fungi Signup and view all the answers

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service does not list any ______ on the federally endangered and threatened species list.

mushrooms Signup and view all the answers

The term “mushroom” is used here in a very broad sense to refer to fungi that have large, fleshy, ______ bodies that can easily be seen without magnification.

fruiting Signup and view all the answers

Most mushrooms belong to the fungus group known as ______ (club fungi)

Basidiomycetes Signup and view all the answers

The cap of a mushroom is also known as the ______.

pileus Signup and view all the answers

The spore-producing surface of a mushroom is called the ______.

hymenophore Signup and view all the answers

Mushrooms that have gills on the underside of their caps are typically referred to as ______.

agaric Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the protective layer that initially connects the cap edge to the stalk of a mushroom.

partial veil Signup and view all the answers

Fungi are composed of microscopic strands called ______.

hyphae Signup and view all the answers

The mycelium secretes ______ that break down surrounding organic material.

enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Mushrooms are the ______-bearing parts of a fungus.

spore Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the part of the mushroom that extends the cap and hymenophore into the air.

stalk Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the structure that contains the spores of a fungus, and is found in the Ascomycetes group.

ascus Signup and view all the answers

The Crown-Tipped Coral mushroom is also known as ______.

Artomyces pyxidatus Signup and view all the answers

The Dryad's Saddle mushroom has a unique taste, often described as similar to ______.

watermelon Signup and view all the answers

The Elegant Stinkhorn mushroom grows on ______, mulch piles, and rotting wood.

leafy debris Signup and view all the answers

The Emetic Russula mushroom is also known as the ______ due to its toxic properties.

vomiting russula Signup and view all the answers

The Fawn or Deer Mushroom has a cap that is typically ______ to dark brown in color.

brownish gray Signup and view all the answers

The Crown-Tipped Coral mushroom grows on the dead wood of ______ trees in summer.

deciduous Signup and view all the answers

The Dryad's Saddle mushroom can reappear for years in the same ______.

locations Signup and view all the answers

The Emetic Russula mushroom has a ______ cap that is 1-4 inches wide.

bright red Signup and view all the answers

The Fawn or Deer Mushroom has gills that are ______ spaced and brittle.

closely Signup and view all the answers

The Elegant Stinkhorn mushroom is typically ______ inches tall.

4-7 Signup and view all the answers

The Turkey Tail Fungus can be used as a ______ substitute in casserole, enchiladas, and more.

chicken Signup and view all the answers

The Wood Ear fungus is also known as ______ auricula.

Auricularia Signup and view all the answers

The Yellow-Orange Fly Agaric is a type of poisonous mushroom that is also a ______.

hallucinogenic Signup and view all the answers

The decline of mushroom species is mainly caused by ______ and destruction of habitats.

habitat degradation Signup and view all the answers

The Chinese use the Turkey Tail fungus as a remedy against ______ cancer and jaundice.

liver Signup and view all the answers

Gills can run down the ______ of the Jack-O-Lantern mushroom

stem Signup and view all the answers

The Malodorous Lepiota grows in ______ in mixed deciduous-coniferous forests

humus Signup and view all the answers

The Orange Mycena mushroom has a ______ smell and is not recommended for eating

rubber/tar Signup and view all the answers

The Oyster Mushroom can grow on ______ tree stumps and logs

deciduous Signup and view all the answers

The Jack-O-Lantern mushroom is toxic and can cause ______ pain, vomiting, and chills

gastrointestinal Signup and view all the answers

The Malodorous Lepiota is also known as the ______ for its strong smell

Stinking Dapperling Signup and view all the answers

The Orange Mycena mushroom has ______ properties and can be used to treat certain health conditions

antibiotic and antitumor Signup and view all the answers

The Oyster Mushroom is an edible species of mushroom found in ______

Illinois Signup and view all the answers

The Jack-O-Lantern mushroom grows in ______ with other mushrooms, often in clusters

groups Signup and view all the answers

The Malodorous Lepiota has a ______ annulus, or ring, on its stem

white to pale pink Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of Sarcoscypha occidentalis (Stalked Scarlet Cup) with their descriptions:

Cap = Tiny red cup on small white stalk Gills = No gills Habitat = Grows on fallen wet sticks and branches in damp, deciduous woods Edibility = Not edible Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of Morchella esculenta (Yellow Morel) with their descriptions:

Cap size = Varies, typically 7-15 cm tall Color = Ranges from yellow-brown and grey Habitat = Prefers to grow around dead American Elm trees, dead cottonwoods, and other fruit trees Edibility = Edible, but beware of 'false morels' Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of the fungal life cycle with their descriptions:

Basidium formation = Two nuclei fuse and undergo a two-step division resulting in four nuclei Basidiospore release = Four nuclei migrate into basidiospores, which are released Hyphae formation = Basidiospores germinate to form hyphae Mycelium formation = Hyphae with two different types of nuclei meet and fuse Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of fungal structures with their descriptions:

Cap = Also known as the fruiting body of the fungus Gills = Spore-producing surface of a mushroom Mycelium = Microscopic strands that make up the body of the fungus Spores = Reproductive units of the fungus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of fungi with their characteristics:

Ascomycetes = Spores produced in a sac-like structure Basidiomycetes = Spores produced on the surface of gills or pores Deuteromycetes = Imperfect fungi with unknown reproductive cycles Zygomycetes = Spores produced in a zygospore Signup and view all the answers

Match the mushroom with its characteristic taste:

Crown-Tipped Coral = Peppery Dryad's Saddle = Watermelon Elegant Stinkhorn = Sweet Fawn or Deer Mushroom = Bitter Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of fungal development with their descriptions:

Button formation = A small, immature mushroom forms Fruiting body formation = A mature mushroom develops from the button Mycelium growth = The fungal network expands through the substrate Spore dispersal = Mature mushrooms release spores Signup and view all the answers

Match the mushroom with its growth habitat:

Crown-Tipped Coral = Deciduous trees Dryad's Saddle = Coniferous trees Elegant Stinkhorn = Leafy debris and mulch piles Fawn or Deer Mushroom = Grassy fields Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of the fungal life cycle with their descriptions:

Basidiospore germination = Hyphae form from the basidiospores Mycelium formation = Hyphae fuse to form a fungal network Nuclear fusion = Two nuclei combine to form a single nucleus Spore production = Mature mushrooms produce spores Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of fungal relationships with their descriptions:

Mycorrhizae = Symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a plant's roots Parasitism = A fungus obtains nutrients from a living host Saprotrophy = A fungus obtains nutrients from dead organic matter Symbiosis = A mutualistic relationship between a fungus and another organism Signup and view all the answers

Match the mushroom with its cap color:

Crown-Tipped Coral = Yellow-tan Emetic Russula = Bright red Fawn or Deer Mushroom = Brownish gray Dryad's Saddle = White Signup and view all the answers

Match the mushroom with its edibility:

Crown-Tipped Coral = Edible Dryad's Saddle = Edible Elegant Stinkhorn = Poisonous Emetic Russula = Poisonous Signup and view all the answers

Match the mushroom with its characteristic feature:

Crown-Tipped Coral = Crown-like tips Dryad's Saddle = Distinct brown scales Elegant Stinkhorn = Smelly slime coating Fawn or Deer Mushroom = Pinkish white gills Signup and view all the answers

Match the mushroom with its growth season:

Crown-Tipped Coral = Summer Dryad's Saddle = Spring and summer Elegant Stinkhorn = July to September Fawn or Deer Mushroom = July to October Signup and view all the answers

Match the mushroom with its stalk color:

Crown-Tipped Coral = White Dryad's Saddle = Black Fawn or Deer Mushroom = White or tinged brown Elegant Stinkhorn = Pinkish orange Signup and view all the answers

Match the mushroom with its spore production:

Crown-Tipped Coral = Tubes with pores Dryad's Saddle = Tubes with pores Elegant Stinkhorn = Spore mass in slime coating Fawn or Deer Mushroom = Gills Signup and view all the answers

Match the mushroom with its habitat requirement:

Crown-Tipped Coral = Dead wood Dryad's Saddle = Living or dead deciduous wood Elegant Stinkhorn = Humus Fawn or Deer Mushroom = Mixed woods Signup and view all the answers

Match the mushroom with its size range:

Crown-Tipped Coral = 2-5 inches tall Dryad's Saddle = Variable size Elegant Stinkhorn = 4-7 inches tall Fawn or Deer Mushroom = 2-4 inches tall Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Chitin = Structural carbohydrate found in the cell walls of fungi Bioluminescent = Organism capable of producing light Conifer = Type of deciduous tree Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Basidiomycetes = Group of fungi which reproduce by forming basidia and basidiospores Ascomycetes = Group of fungi which reproduce by forming basidia and basidiospores Ascospores = Spores produced in ascus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Ascus = Saclike cells characteristic of the Ascomycetes Basidium = Clublike cells characteristic of the Basidiomycetes Clublike cells characteristic of the Ascomycetes = Ascus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Button = Mature mushroom with a fully expanded pileus Annulus = Remnant of the partial veil that surrounds the pileus after expansion of the stipe Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Clamp connection = Outgrowth from the tip cell of a hypha, which, at cell division, makes a connection by fusion between the tip cell and terminal cell Bioluminescent = Organism capable of producing light Conifer = Type of deciduous tree Signup and view all the answers

Match the mushroom species with their characteristics:

Lion's Mane = Has a cap with a vase-shaped fruiting body that resembles a miniature bird's nest Bird's Nest or Splash Cup = Has a fruiting body with dense, soft spines that hang down Yellow Chanterelle = Has a cap with distinct, dark brown lines and 'eggs' containing spores None of the above = Is not a characteristic of any of the listed species Signup and view all the answers

Match the following mushrooms with their habitats:

Lion's Mane = Found in woodland gardens, dead logs, twigs, wood chips, and bark mulches Bird's Nest or Splash Cup = Typically found on hardwood logs, stumps, and tree wounds Yellow Chanterelle = Usually found in moist, shaded areas with late summer/early fall abundance None of the above = Not a characteristic of any of the listed species Signup and view all the answers

Match the mushrooms with their edible/toxic properties:

Lion's Mane = Is not edible and not known to be toxic or harmful to humans Bird's Nest or Splash Cup = Is edible and similar to another species, Bear's Head Yellow Chanterelle = Is not edible, but has a strong, apricot smell None of the above = Is edible and has a unique, trumpet-shaped appearance Signup and view all the answers

Match the mushrooms with their unique characteristics:

Lion's Mane = Has a cap that turns yellow with age or frost Bird's Nest or Splash Cup = Has spores in cases called peridioles, or 'eggs' Yellow Chanterelle = Has a cap that flares up exposing the gills as it matures None of the above = Does not have a unique characteristic Signup and view all the answers

Match the mushrooms with their spore-producing characteristics:

Lion's Mane = Produces spores on the white spines of its fruiting body Bird's Nest or Splash Cup = Has gills that attach down to the stem Yellow Chanterelle = Produces spores in cases called peridioles, or 'eggs' None of the above = Does not produce spores in any of the listed ways Signup and view all the answers

Match the mushrooms with their gill characteristics:

Lion's Mane = Does not have gills, but has spines that produce spores Bird's Nest or Splash Cup = Has gills that attach down to the stem and run down the stem for a distance Yellow Chanterelle = Has gills that are sometimes forked and have a unique texture None of the above = Does not have any of the listed gill characteristics Signup and view all the answers

Match the mushrooms with their caps' colors:

Lion's Mane = Has a cap that is yellowish orange to gold, fading to pale yellow Bird's Nest or Splash Cup = Has a cap that is white, but may turn yellow with age or frost Yellow Chanterelle = Has a cap that is typically gray to black with distinct, dark brown lines None of the above = Does not have any of the listed cap colors Signup and view all the answers

Match the mushrooms with their unique growth habits:

Lion's Mane = Grows year-round, but most abundant in late summer/early fall Bird's Nest or Splash Cup = Usually grows in clusters, often in mixed deciduous-coniferous forests Yellow Chanterelle = Typically found around oaks, especially after summer rains None of the above = Does not have any of the listed unique growth habits Signup and view all the answers

Match the mushrooms with their spore-dispersal methods:

Lion's Mane = Has spores that are dispersed through rain hitting the cap just right Bird's Nest or Splash Cup = Produces spores on the white spines of its fruiting body Yellow Chanterelle = Has spores that are contained in cases called peridioles, or 'eggs' None of the above = Does not have any of the listed spore-dispersal methods Signup and view all the answers

Match the mushrooms with their size:

Lion's Mane = Is typically 1-3 inches across Bird's Nest or Splash Cup = Is typically baseball to basketball size Yellow Chanterelle = Is typically 1/4 to 3/8 inches across None of the above = Does not have any of the listed sizes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with the correct type of organism:

Mushroom = Fleshy, visible bodies that can easily be seen without magnification Fungi = Small, microscopic organisms that are usually not visible to the naked eye Lichen = A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a plant or algae Protist = A single-celled organism that is not a plant, animal, or fungus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with the correct part of a mushroom:

Cap = Spore-producing surface Hymenophore = Protective layer that initially connects the cap edge to the stalk Gills = Structure that contains the spores of a fungus Stalk = Part of the mushroom that extends the cap and hymenophore into the air Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conservation strategies with the correct action:

Research = Continuing to study and better understand mushroom habitats and populations Education = Learning to identify common mushrooms in the field using field guides Community engagement = Joining or forming a mushroom club to promote conservation Documentation = Keeping a journal of mushroom observations including location and habitat Signup and view all the answers

Match the following interesting facts about mushrooms with the correct statement:

Honey mushroom = The largest living organism in the world is a type of fungus that grows underground Giant puffball = A type of mushroom that can contain over 7 trillion spores Spores = Small, microscopic particles that can be observed in mass by making a spore print Mycelium = The network of microscopic strands that make up the body of a fungus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of mushrooms with the correct characteristic:

Crown-Tipped Coral = Grows on the dead wood of trees in summer Dryad's Saddle = Has a unique taste, often described as similar to apricots Elegant Stinkhorn = Grows on mulch piles, and rotting wood Fawn or Deer Mushroom = Has a cap that is typically light to dark brown in color Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with the correct definition:

Mycorrhizae = A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a plant's roots Fungus = A type of organism that is not a plant, animal, or protist Lichen = A type of fungus that grows in a symbiotic relationship with algae or cyanobacteria Mycelium = The network of microscopic strands that make up the body of a fungus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conservation strategies with the correct action:

Habitat preservation = Protecting and maintaining natural areas and forests to conserve mushroom populations Research = Continuing to study and better understand mushroom habitats and populations Education = Learning to identify common mushrooms in the field using field guides Community engagement = Joining or forming a mushroom club to promote conservation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of fungi with the correct characteristic:

Ascomycetes = A type of fungus that produces spores in a sac-like structure Basidiomycetes = A type of fungus that produces spores on the surface of a club-like structure Deuteromycetes = A type of fungus that produces spores in a coiled or spiral structure Zygomycetes = A type of fungus that produces spores in a zygospore Signup and view all the answers

Match the following interesting facts about mushrooms with the correct statement:

Spores = Small, microscopic particles that can be observed in mass by making a spore print Mushroom = The fleshy, visible body of a fungus that can easily be seen without magnification Fungus = A type of organism that is not a plant, animal, or protist Mycelium = The network of microscopic strands that make up the body of a fungus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of mushrooms with the correct characteristic:

Turkey Tail = A type of mushroom that can be used as a substitute in casserole, enchiladas, and more Wood Ear = A type of mushroom that is also known as auricula Yellow-Orange Fly Agaric = A type of poisonous mushroom that is also a hallucinogen Fawn or Deer Mushroom = A type of mushroom that has a cap that is typically light to dark brown in color Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Fungi

Fungi are members of the Kingdom Fungi, one of the largest and most diverse groups of organisms.
Over 10,000 species of mushrooms are found in the United States, with at least 2,000 species in Illinois.
Fungi play critical roles in nutrient recycling by breaking down organic matter.
Mycorrhizae, a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a plant's roots, is beneficial for both the fungus and the plant.

Anatomy of a Mushroom

The term "mushroom" refers to fungi that have large, fleshy, fruiting bodies that can easily be seen without magnification.
Most mushrooms belong to the fungus group known as Basidiomycetes (club fungi), while others are included in the Ascomycetes (sac fungi).
The fruiting body of a mushroom is composed of several parts, including the cap, hymenophore, gills, and stalk.
The hymenophore can be covered by a protective layer (partial veil) that initially connects the cap edge to the stalk.

Types of Mushrooms

Crown-Tipped Coral
- Characterized by a coral-like shape with yellow-tan color and crown-like tips.
- Edible, with a peppery taste.
Dryad's Saddle
- Has a circular to fan-shaped cap with dark brown scales and a yellow-tan color.
- Considered edible, with a watermelon taste when raw.
Elegant Stinkhorn
- Characterized by a pinkish orange column with a greenish brown, smelly slime coating.
- Edible in the immature stage, but caution is encouraged due to toxic look-a-likes.
Emetic Russula
- Has a bright red cap with off-white gills that are closely spaced and brittle.
- Poisonous, causing severe gastrointestinal upset and vomiting.
Fawn or Deer Mushroom
- Characterized by a brownish gray to dark brown cap with darker fibers radiating from the center.
- Toxic, causing severe gastrointestinal pain, vomiting, chills, and sweating.
Malodorous Lepiota
- Has a white cap with brown scales and a darker red-brown color in the center.
- Considered poisonous, with a rubber/tar smell.
Orange Mycena
- Characterized by a sticky, bright orange cap with a sunken center.
- Not recommended for eating, but has antibiotic and antitumor properties.
Oyster Mushroom
- Has a smooth surface with a white to silver/grey color.
- Edible, with a mild flavor, and can be used as a chicken substitute.
Turkey Tail Fungus
- Characterized by clusters of leathery, thin brackets with multicolored zones.
- Edible and medicinal, used in Chinese medicine to treat liver cancer and jaundice.
Wood Ear
- Has a rusty tan to honey-colored flesh with a wrinkled and wavy texture.
- Edible, with a gelatin-like texture, and can be dehydrated and rehydrated.
Yellow-Orange Fly Agaric
- Has a pale yellow-orange cap with white "warts" and a white to pale yellow stalk.
- Not edible, poisonous, and a hallucinogenic.

Conservation

There is increasing concern about the decline of mushroom species, particularly in forests.
Habitat degradation and destruction from urbanization and agriculture are considered primary causes for this decline.

Life Cycle of Fungi

Fungi life cycle starts with two nuclei fuse and undergo a two-step division, resulting in four nuclei.
Each nucleus migrates into one of the four basidiospores produced at the tips of the basidia.
Basidiospores are released and germinate to form hyphae.
Hyphae with two different types of nuclei meet, fuse, and form a mycelium with both types of nuclei.
Mycelium grows, and nuclei divide, maintaining the same type of nuclei as the original cell.
A large growth of mycelium forms, and when environmental conditions are met, a small mushroom (button) develops.

Species Description

Stalked Scarlet Cup (Sarcoscypha occidentalis):
- Cap: ¼ - 5/8” wide, tiny red cup on small white stalk.
- No gills, grows on fallen wet sticks and branches in damp, deciduous woods.
Yellow Morel (Morchella esculenta):
- Cap: 7-15 cm tall, yellow-brown and grey, honeycomb or sponge-like pits.
- Completely hollow inside, no gills, grows around dead trees, and sometimes in fresh mulch.
Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceus):
- No cap, but a fruiting body, baseball to basketball size white mass of spongy tissue.
- Covered with dense, soft spines that hang down, grows on hardwood logs, stumps, and tree wounds.

Ascomycetes (Sac Fungi)

Characterized by saclike cells (ascus) that produce ascospores.
Examples: Stalked Scarlet Cup, Yellow Morel.

Basidiomycetes (Club Fungi)

Characterized by clublike cells (basidium) that produce basidiospores.
Examples: Lion’s Mane, Bird’s Nest, Yellow Chanterelle.

Other Species

Bird’s Nest (Cyathus striatus):
- Vase-shaped fruiting body, inner surface has dark brown lines, spores in cases (peridioles).
Yellow Chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius):
- Yellowish orange to gold, fading to pale yellow, 1-3” across, gills attach down to stem.
Crown-Tipped Coral (Artomyces pyxidatus):
- No cap, many branches, coral-like mushrooms, yellow-tan with crownlike tips.

Conservation and Facts

To conserve mushrooms, manage public and private natural areas and forests to protect and maintain populations.
Research should focus on determining species, defining habitat requirements, and making recommendations for management policies.
Amateur mycologists can contribute to mycology by studying and documenting mushroom locations, distributions, and habitats.

Mushroom Facts

Early Greeks believed mushrooms were created by Zeus’s lightning.
Estimated 1.5 million species of fungi exist, but only 80,000 have been discovered and described.
Largest living organism is a honey mushroom (Armillaria ostoyae), covering 3.5 miles across.
Fungi are more closely related to animals than plants, and depend on other organisms for food.
Some mushrooms are bioluminescent and emit light.
Chitin is a hard material found in fungal cell walls, also present in insect and crustacean outer coverings.

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of mushrooms, including their classification, diversity, and characteristics. It also provides a warning about the dangers of eating wild mushrooms without proper identification.