The Human body: An orientation
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Questions and Answers

It is the study of body structures that are to small to seen with the naked eye

microscopic anatomy

It is the study of the structure, or physical form of the body.

Anatomy

The smallest unit of all living organisms

Cell

It studies the function of the heart

<p>Cardiac physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is the term used to describe the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes

<p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What system of the body that is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients to the body cells.

<p>Cardiovascular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a group of organs work together to perform a particular function they create a/an?

<p>Organ system</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is a system responsible for regulating fluid and electrolyte balance?

<p>Urinary system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What system of the body responsible for producing hormones?

<p>Endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is a chemical messengers that regulates various bodily functions

<p>Hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four basic types of tissue

<p>Epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is the only functions of muscle in the body

<p>Contract or shorten</p> Signup and view all the answers

Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals.

<p>Skeletal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

<p>Respiratory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

made up of glands that make hormones.

<p>Endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary organs of cardiovascular system

<p>Heart and blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is the body’s fast-acting control system. It consists of the brain, spinal cord,nerves, and sensory receptors

<p>Nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

detect changes in temperature, pressure, or light, and send messages (via electrical signals called nerve impulses) to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) so that it is constantly informed about what is going on

<p>Sensory receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What system that includes heart and blood vessels

<p>Cardiovascular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

is the external covering of the body, or the skin, including the hair and fingernails.

<p>Integumentary system</p> Signup and view all the answers

consists of bones, cartilages, and joints also It supports the body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement.

<p>Skeletal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 11 organ system

<p>•Integumentary(skin) system</p> <p>•Skeletal system</p> <p>•Muscular system</p> <p>•Nervous system</p> <p>•Endocrine system</p> <p>•Cardiovascular system</p> <p>•Lympathic system</p> <p>•Respiratory system</p> <p>•Digestive system</p> <p>•Urinary system</p> <p>•Reproductive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

is a structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body.

<p>Organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

is a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose.

<p>Organ system</p> Signup and view all the answers

is the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive. The highest level of structural organization

<p>Organismal level</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two or more of these are combine to form a molecule

<p>Atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

The smallest units of all elements

<p>Atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function.

<p>Tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the six levels of structural organization that make up the human body in order.

<p>•Chemical level</p> <p>•Cellular level</p> <p>•Tissue level</p> <p>•Organ level</p> <p>•Organ system level</p> <p>•Organismal level</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is one of the subdivision of physiology that explains the working of nervous system

<p>Neurophysiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

is the study of how the body and its parts work or function

<p>Physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

the study that deals with the structure of organs and tissues that are visible to the naked eye or large body structures.

<p>Gross Anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is manufactured by the skin to play a role in calcium absorption elsewhere in the body?

<p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

System that Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity.

<p>Lymphatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metabolism can be defined as the ________.

<p>sum of all chemical reactions in an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________.

<p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which level of structural organization is the stomach? At which level is a glucose molecule?

<p>Organ level and chemical level</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system includes the trachea, lungs, nasal cavity, and bronchi?

<p>Respiratory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system functions to remove wastes and help regulate blood pressure?

<p>Urinary system</p> Signup and view all the answers

protects internal organs from drying out, from pathogens, and From the damaging effects of heat, sunlight, and an unbelievable number of chemical substances in the external environment.

<p>Integumentary system</p> Signup and view all the answers

includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another (by walking, swimming, and so forth) and manipulating the external environment with our fingers.

<p>Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

is the ability to snse changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them.

<p>Responsiveness or irritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

nerve cells can communicate rapidly with each other via_____?

<p>Electrical and chemical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

it is the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood.

<p>Digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nutrient-rich blood is then distributed to all body cells by the _______?, where body cells use these smple molecules for energy and raw materials.

<p>Cardiovascular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

a broad term that refers to all chemical reactions that occur within the body and all of its cells. It includes breaking down complex substances into simpler building blocks (as in digestion), making larger structures from smaller ones, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities.

<p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the systems that participates in excretion

<p>Digestive system, urinary system and integumentary system</p> Signup and view all the answers

is the process of removing excreta or wastes, from the body.

<p>Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two levels at which reproduction can occur?

<p>Cellular level and organismal level</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a sperm cell unites with an egg cell?

<p>fertilized egg forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the endocrine system play in reproduction?

<p>It regulates/produce hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the specific organs of the human reproductive system responsible for producing sperm and eggs?

<p>Ovaries(female) Testes (Male)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the fertilized egg that develops into a baby?

<p>Zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormones are involved in regulating the reproductive system?

<p>The reproductive system is regulated by a variety of hormones, including estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for the reproductive system to be precisely regulated by hormones?

<p>Precise hormonal regulation ensures proper development and function of reproductive organs, as well as the timing of ovulation, menstruation, and sperm production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some potential consequences if the reproductive system is not properly regulated?

<ul> <li>Irregular or absent menstrual cycles, infertility, hormonal imbalances, and other health problems.</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

How does the process of reproduction contribute to the continuity of life?

<ul> <li>Reproduction allows for the creation of new individuals, ensuring the continuation of a species.</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the endocrine system play in reproduction?

<ul> <li>The endocrine system produces hormones that regulate the functions of the reproductive system.</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

can be an increase in cell size or an increase in body size that is usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells

<p>Growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the endocrine system in growth?

<p>Endocrine system produces hormones that influence the rate of cell division, cell size, and the overall timing and pattern of growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the survival needs, needs for human body to live.

<p>Nutrients (food), oxygen, water, appropriate temperature, and atmospheric pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

it cushion body organs and provide reserve fuel.

<p>Fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

The force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air is referred to as____?

<p>Atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Human cells can only live for a few minutes without it

<p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many percent of water in our body?

<p>60 to 80 percent depends on individuals age</p> Signup and view all the answers

How we lose water out of body?

<p>Evaporation from the lungs skin and in body excretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is normal body temperature?

<p>37°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

The force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air is referred to as___?

<p>Atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Breathing and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs depend on____?

<p>appropriate atmospheric pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If body temperature drops from 37°C what will happen?

<p>The metabolic reaction began to slow and finally stop</p> Signup and view all the answers

If body temperature is too high what will happen to the body?

<p>The metabolic reaction began to fast, and proteins began to break down</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of anatomical position in describing body parts?

<p>To avoid confusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the anatomical position in detail.

<p>In anatomical position, the body is erect with feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides, and palms facing forward. The thumbs point away from the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does anatomical position differ from "standing at attention"?

<p>Anatomical position is less comfortable than the standing at position because the palms are facing forward and the thumbs are away from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between "superior" and "inferior" in anatomical terms?

<p>&quot;Superior&quot; refers to a structure located above another structure, while &quot;inferior&quot; refers to a structure located below another structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does "anterior" mean in anatomical terminology?

<p>&quot;Anterior&quot; refers to the front of the body or a structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the opposite of "proximal"?

<p>The opposite of &quot;proximal&quot; is &quot;distal&quot;. &quot;Proximal&quot; refers to a structure closer to the point of attachment or origin, while &quot;distal&quot; refers to a structure further away.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does "lateral" describe in anatomical terms?

<p>Lateral&quot; describes a structure that is further away from the midline of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between "superficial" and "deep"?

<p>&quot;Superficial&quot; refers to a structure closer to the surface of the body, while &quot;deep&quot; refers to a structure further away from the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

divides the body vertically into right and left portions.

<p>Sagittal plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior portions.

<p>Transverse plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior portions.

<p>Frontal plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Away from the body surface;more internal

<p>Deep</p> Signup and view all the answers

Toward or at the midline of the body;on the inner side of

<p>Medial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

<p>Intermediate</p> Signup and view all the answers

a vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves.

<p>Midsagittal plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right halves.

<p>parasagittal</p> Signup and view all the answers

refers to a position that is away from the head or towards the lower part of a structure or the body.

<p>Inferior (caudal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The shoulder is __________ to the neck.

<p>Lateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

The elbow is ___________ to the hand.

<p>Proximal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chin is ___________ to the navel.

<p>Superior</p> Signup and view all the answers

The skin is _______________ to the organs

<p>Superficial</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the therapist looks at the aligmnent of the imaginary line running from the ear to the shoulder to the side of the hip, knee and ankle, she is considering the __________ plane.

<p>Frontal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The plane that divides the body into a superior and inferior half is the _________ plane.

<p>Transverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bones in the palm of the hand are called ______________.

<p>Metacarpals</p> Signup and view all the answers

are found on the kidneys in the abdomen. They produce cortisol, aldosterone, adrenaline, and small quantities of male sex hormones like testosterone.

<p>Adrenal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

is an endocrine gland found at the base of the brain.

<p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two subdivisions of dorsal body cavity?

<p>Cranial and spinal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

what cavity the is the space inside the bony skull.

<p>Cranial cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cavity that extends from the cranial cavity to the end of the spinal cord

<p>Spinal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

A central region called the____ separates the lungs into right and left cavities in the thoracic cavity. It also houses the heart, trachea, and several other visceral organs.

<p>Mediastinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two internal body cavities

<p>Dorsal and ventral body cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ventral body cavities are subdivide. What are these?

<p>Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

When accident happen the most vulnerable abdominocavity is the___?

<p>abdominal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The abdominopelvic cavity are divided by medical personal into four more or less equal regions called______?

<p>Quadrants</p> Signup and view all the answers

is the centermost region, deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel)

<p>Umbilical region</p> Signup and view all the answers

region is located superior to the umbilical region

<p>Epigastric region</p> Signup and view all the answers

is inferior to the umbilical region

<p>Hypogastric region</p> Signup and view all the answers

are lateral to the hypogastric region

<p>Left iliac(inguinal) and right iliac region</p> Signup and view all the answers

flank the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs

<p>Right and left hypochondriac region</p> Signup and view all the answers

lie lateral to the umbilical region and spinal column between the bottom ribs and the hip bones;

<p>Right and left lumbar region</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the smaller body cavities

<p>Oral cavity and digestive cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavity, and middle ear cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

This cavity is part of and continuous with the digestive organs, which open to the exterior at the anus.

<p>Oral cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Located within and posterior to the nose, it is part of the respiratory system.

<p>Nasal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The_____(orbits)in the skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position.

<p>Orbital cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The____carved into the skull lie just medial to the eardrums. These cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears.

<p>Middle ear cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

describes the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing

<p>homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Homeostasic control mechanism have 3 components. What are these?

<p>Receptor, control center and effector</p> Signup and view all the answers

is a type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment. It responds to such changes, called stimuli, by sending information (input) to the second component, the control center.

<p>Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

determines the level (set point) at which a variable is to be maintained. This component analyzes the information it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action.

<p>Control center</p> Signup and view all the answers

provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus.

<p>Effector</p> Signup and view all the answers

mechanisms are rare in the body because they tend to increase the original disturbance (stimulus) and to push the variable farther from its original value

<p>Positive feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

is a mechanism that reduces the amount of change in a variable. It helps maintain homeostasis by counteracting deviations from the set point.

<p>Negative feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

Temperature, exercise, hydration, sugar levels, nourishment, and diseases all affect homeostasis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Find all the examples of the body showing homeostasis. (click all that apply)

<p>The body making you thirsty when you are dehydrated</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to your body and homeostasis when you work out? Click all that are true

<p>Muscles need more oxygen, so your heart beats faster increasing his heart rate, which pumps more blood, and then the blood delivers oxygen to the organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diabetes is a disease where sufferers cannot control their blood glucose levels.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most bacteria that cause sickness in humans grow best at 98.6oF. Sometimes a fever is the body's response to the bacteria. What is the reason for developing a fever?

<p>The increase the temperature of the body to kill the bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the evaporation of a liquid to cool the body?

<p>Sweating</p> Signup and view all the answers

Homeostasis is maintaining a stable external environment

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Homeostasis in the human body is often maintained by a:

<p>Negative feed back loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________.

<p>Control center</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop?

<p>Childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes _____

<p>blood vessels in the skin to constrict</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rapid growth during puberty causes your body to release more and more growth hormones. As you grow, more and more growth hormones are released until puberty is reached, and then the hormones stop.

<p>Positive feedback response</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the calcium in your blood decreases below homeostasis levels, a gland in the brain will sense the decrease and send a chemical message to your bones. Your bones will release calcium into the blood, bringing blood calcium levels back up.

<p>Negative feedback loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term for maintaining internal temperature is:

<p>Thermoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system sends electrical messages that helps control the body's responses to internal and external changes?

<p>Nervous</p> Signup and view all the answers

These two body systems regulate feedback mechanisms.

<p>Endocrine &amp; Nervous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood sugars are controlled by

<p>hormones from the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

High blood sugar levels after a meal usually stimulate

<p>Insulin release from the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

The action of insulin causes

<p>The liver to make glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

This feedback system amplifies a change until a desired outcome is reached.

<p>positive feedback system</p> Signup and view all the answers

This is the term used to describe a body part that provides the response needed to influence a change.

<p>Effector</p> Signup and view all the answers

A noticeable change in an organism's environment.

<p>Stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Failure to maintain homeostasis could result in:

<p>all three</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are the structural units of all living things, from one-celled organisms such as amoe-bas to complex multicellular organisms such as humans, dogs, and trees.

<p>Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

In generalized cell there are three regions what are these?

<p>Nucleus, cytoplasm and plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology Basics

  • Microscopic anatomy studies structures too small to be seen by the naked eye.
  • The body maintains homeostasis, keeping stable internal conditions despite external changes.
  • The smallest unit of life is the cell, the basic functional unit of all living organisms.

Organ Systems and Functions

  • The cardiovascular system transports oxygen and nutrients to body cells.
  • Muscle function includes movement and support for body organs.
  • The endocrine system produces hormones, which are chemical messengers regulating bodily functions.
  • The lymphatic system returns leaked fluid to blood and aids in immunity.
  • The respiratory system includes the trachea, lungs, and facilitates gas exchange.
  • The excretory system removes waste products and regulates blood pressure.

Structural Organization

  • Structural levels include cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism level.
  • Tissues are groups of similar cells with a common function.
  • Organs consist of two or more tissue types performing specific body functions.
  • The highest level of organization is the complete organism.

Hormonal and Regulatory Functions

  • The endocrine system regulates growth and reproduction with hormones.
  • Hormones are crucial for reproductive system regulation to prevent potential health issues.
  • Fertilization occurs when a sperm unites with an egg, forming a zygote.

Growth and Survival Needs

  • Human bodies require water (approximately 60% of body weight) and specific nutrients.
  • Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions in the body, including nutrient breakdown and ATP production.
  • Homeostasis is vital for survival, including temperature regulation and pressure maintenance.

Anatomy Terminology

  • Anatomical position is standardized for describing body parts; standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward.
  • Superior means "above," while inferior means "below" in anatomical context.
  • Anterior refers to the front, whereas proximal indicates closeness to a point of reference.
  • A transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior halves; a sagittal plane divides it into right and left portions.

Body Systems Overview

  • The skeletal system supports and protects organs; it includes bones, cartilage, and joints.
  • The muscular system is involved in both gross and fine motor skills.
  • Nervous system function involves rapid response to environmental changes via nerve impulses.

Additional Physiological Concepts

  • Thermoregulation is critical; hypothermia occurs below 37°C, while hyperthermia damages body functions.
  • The skin protects against pathogens and dehydration, and also manufactures vitamin D for calcium absorption.

Key Concepts in Growth and Development

  • Growth may involve cell size increase or the total number of cells.
  • Proper hormonal balance is crucial for bodily functions and development.

Anatomical Relationships

  • "Lateral" describes a position further from the midline, while "medial" describes a position closer to the midline.
  • "Superficial" indicates lying closer to the surface, while "deep" refers to being further away from it.

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