Introduction to Microbiology
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic unique to Archaea compared to Bacteria?

  • Presence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall
  • 70S ribosomes
  • Circular chromosome structure
  • Existence in extreme environments (correct)

    • Which of the following is true about Animal-like Protists?

  • They are always multicellular organisms
  • Most are photosynthetic
  • They are always unicellular and motile (correct)
  • They contain a cell wall made of chitin

    • What distinguishes Fungi from Bacteria?

  • Fungi reproduce asexually only
  • Fungi are autotrophic
  • Fungi contain a nucleus and organelles (correct)
  • Fungi have a prokaryotic cell structure

    • What is the size range for Bacteria?

    <p>1-5 micrometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of Plant-like Protists?

    <p>They contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ribosomes do Fungi possess?

    <p>80S Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the genetic material of Bacteria and Archaea?

    <p>Circular DNA chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT true for Animal-like Protists?

    <p>They have a cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural component is found in the cell wall of Fungi?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the ribosomes of Archaea?

    <p>They are similar in size to Bacterial ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organisms are included in the study of microbiology?

    <p>Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what environment are archaea typically found?

    <p>High salt and extreme temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification do viruses fall under in relation to cells?

    <p>They are not classified as cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long have bacteria-like organisms existed on Earth?

    <p>About 3.5 billion years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT associated with prokaryotic organisms?

    <p>Presence of a true nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component found in bacterial cell walls?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following microorganisms are considered eukaryotic?

    <p>Fungi and protists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genetic material do archaea possess?

    <p>Circular DNA similar to bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic that differentiates eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Greater size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organisms with their characteristics:

    <p>Bacteria = Unicellular, no nucleus, peptidoglycan in cell wall Fungi = Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic Archaea = Extremophiles, unicellular, no peptidoglycan Algae = Eukaryotic, photosynthetic, found in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cell types with their ribosomes:

    <p>Bacteria = 70S Ribosomes Fungi = 80S Ribosomes Archaea = 70S Ribosomes Protozoa = 80S Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organisms with their size range:

    <p>Bacteria = 1-5 micrometers Fungi = Few micrometers to miles Algae = Micrometer to hundreds of feet Protozoa = 10-150 micrometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with the correct organism group:

    <p>Animal-like Protists = Always unicellular, motile Plant-like Protists = Photosynthetic, found in moist habitats Fungi = Cell wall contains chitin Bacteria = Single circular chromosome (DNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups with their mode of nutrition:

    <p>Fungi = Heterotrophic Algae = Autotrophic Bacteria = Can be photosynthetic or heterotrophic Archaea = Chemotrophic or heterotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Eukarya = Organisms with a nucleus and organelles Prokaryotic = Cells without a nucleus Extremophiles = Organisms living in extreme environments Photosynthetic = Organisms that produce their own food using sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups with their habitat:

    <p>Fungi = Widespread on land, especially in soil Bacteria = Found in every habitat Archaea = Extreme environments like hot springs Algae = Water and moist habitats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics to their respective organism:

    <p>Protozoa = Complex life cycle, no cell wall Bacteria = 70S Ribosomes, unicellular Fungi = Not motile, multicellular Algae = Chloroplasts and variable cell wall type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features to their organism groups:

    <p>Bacteria = No organelles, unicellular Archaea = Unique tRNA and cell membrane Fungi = Cell wall contains chitin Algae = May be unicellular or multicellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of microorganisms with their classifications:

    <p>Bacteria = Prokaryotes with peptidoglycan Archaea = Prokaryotes in extreme environments Fungi = Eukaryotes with cell walls Viruses = Acellular parasitic particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cell types with their features:

    <p>Prokaryotes = Lack nucleus and organelles Eukaryotes = Contain nucleus and organelles Viruses = Not classified as a cell Bacteria = Simple cellular structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following domains of life with their characteristics:

    <p>Bacteria = True prokaryotes with peptidoglycan Archaea = Extreme environment dwellers Eukarya = All organisms with a nucleus Fungi = Eukaryotes with chitin cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organism types with examples:

    <p>Bacteria = E. coli Fungi = Mushrooms Viruses = HIV Protozoa = Amoeba</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with the correct category:

    <p>Eukaryotes = Membrane-bound organelles Prokaryotes = Nucleoid region Viruses = Require a host to replicate Fungi = Absorb nutrients from organic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microbiology Overview

    • Study of organisms invisible without magnification.
    • Microorganisms encompass: Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protists (including Algae and Protozoa), Helminths (worms), and Archaea.

    Size of Microbes

    • Size scales: Millimeter (mm), Micrometer (μm), and Nanometer (nm).

    Evolutionary Timeline

    • Bacteria-like organisms have existed for approximately 3.5 billion years.
    • Two primary cell types:
      • Prokaryotes: Simple, lack a nucleus (pre-nucleus).
      • Eukaryotes: Complex, have a nucleus (true nucleus).

    Cells vs. Viruses

    • Prokaryotes: No nucleus or organelles, unicellular.
    • Eukaryotes: Contain a nucleus and organelles.
    • Viruses: Not considered cellular; they are parasitic particles made of nucleic acid and protein.

    3 Domains of Life

    • Distinct organisms classified based on DNA and RNA:
      • Bacteria: True prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in the cell wall.
      • Archaea: Unique prokaryotes, extremophiles living in harsh environments.
      • Eukarya: Eukaryotes with a nucleus and organelles.

    Bacteria Characteristics

    • Prokaryotic cells, unicellular.
    • Lack organelles and a nucleus.
    • Single circular chromosome (DNA) and 70S ribosomes.
    • Size ranges from 1-5 micrometers.
    • Some species exhibit motility; some are photosynthetic.
    • Align with all habitats due to adaptability.

    Archaea Characteristics

    • Prokaryotic cells and unicellular.
    • Lack a nucleus and organelles.
    • Single circular chromosome (DNA) and 70S ribosomes.
    • Sizes mostly under 1 micrometer.
    • Not photosynthetic; some are motile.
    • Distinctive features in tRNA and cell membrane.
    • Often found in extreme environments (hot springs, high salinity).

    Fungi Characteristics

    • Eukaryotic cells with organelles and a nucleus.
    • Contains multiple linear chromosomes (DNA) and 80S ribosomes.
    • Size varies from a few micrometers (yeast) to several centimeters (mold).
    • Can be unicellular or multicellular; not motile.
    • Heterotrophic and have cell walls made of chitin.
    • Commonly found in soil and decaying organic matter.

    Animal-like Protists – Protozoa Characteristics

    • Eukaryotic cells with organelles and a nucleus.
    • Sizes range from 10 to 150 micrometers; always unicellular.
    • Usually motile and exhibit complex life cycles.
    • Generally lack a cell wall and found in soil and water.

    Plant-like Protists – Algae Characteristics

    • Eukaryotic cells with organelles and a nucleus.
    • Photosynthetic organisms containing chloroplasts.
    • Sizes vary significantly, from micrometers to hundreds of feet (kelp).
    • Can be unicellular or multicellular, with varying motility.
    • Possess cell walls, which differ in type across species.

    Microbiology Overview

    • Study of organisms invisible without magnification.
    • Microorganisms encompass: Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protists (including Algae and Protozoa), Helminths (worms), and Archaea.

    Size of Microbes

    • Size scales: Millimeter (mm), Micrometer (μm), and Nanometer (nm).

    Evolutionary Timeline

    • Bacteria-like organisms have existed for approximately 3.5 billion years.
    • Two primary cell types:
      • Prokaryotes: Simple, lack a nucleus (pre-nucleus).
      • Eukaryotes: Complex, have a nucleus (true nucleus).

    Cells vs. Viruses

    • Prokaryotes: No nucleus or organelles, unicellular.
    • Eukaryotes: Contain a nucleus and organelles.
    • Viruses: Not considered cellular; they are parasitic particles made of nucleic acid and protein.

    3 Domains of Life

    • Distinct organisms classified based on DNA and RNA:
      • Bacteria: True prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in the cell wall.
      • Archaea: Unique prokaryotes, extremophiles living in harsh environments.
      • Eukarya: Eukaryotes with a nucleus and organelles.

    Bacteria Characteristics

    • Prokaryotic cells, unicellular.
    • Lack organelles and a nucleus.
    • Single circular chromosome (DNA) and 70S ribosomes.
    • Size ranges from 1-5 micrometers.
    • Some species exhibit motility; some are photosynthetic.
    • Align with all habitats due to adaptability.

    Archaea Characteristics

    • Prokaryotic cells and unicellular.
    • Lack a nucleus and organelles.
    • Single circular chromosome (DNA) and 70S ribosomes.
    • Sizes mostly under 1 micrometer.
    • Not photosynthetic; some are motile.
    • Distinctive features in tRNA and cell membrane.
    • Often found in extreme environments (hot springs, high salinity).

    Fungi Characteristics

    • Eukaryotic cells with organelles and a nucleus.
    • Contains multiple linear chromosomes (DNA) and 80S ribosomes.
    • Size varies from a few micrometers (yeast) to several centimeters (mold).
    • Can be unicellular or multicellular; not motile.
    • Heterotrophic and have cell walls made of chitin.
    • Commonly found in soil and decaying organic matter.

    Animal-like Protists – Protozoa Characteristics

    • Eukaryotic cells with organelles and a nucleus.
    • Sizes range from 10 to 150 micrometers; always unicellular.
    • Usually motile and exhibit complex life cycles.
    • Generally lack a cell wall and found in soil and water.

    Plant-like Protists – Algae Characteristics

    • Eukaryotic cells with organelles and a nucleus.
    • Photosynthetic organisms containing chloroplasts.
    • Sizes vary significantly, from micrometers to hundreds of feet (kelp).
    • Can be unicellular or multicellular, with varying motility.
    • Possess cell walls, which differ in type across species.

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