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Questions and Answers
Which microorganism is typically non-cellular and requires a host cell for reproduction?
What process do bacteria primarily use to reproduce?
Which characteristic is true for fungi?
Which of the following is NOT a branch of microbiology?
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What is a primary characteristic of protozoa?
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Which organism is known for producing molecular oxygen as a byproduct?
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What is the correct term for the study of viruses?
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Which of the following statements about eukaryotic microorganisms is true?
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What temperature and duration did Pasteur suggest for effectively destroying undesirable organisms?
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Which term was coined by Louis Pasteur?
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Which of the following is NOT part of Koch's Postulates?
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Who is credited with discovering the tuberculosis bacterium in 1905?
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Who introduced the binomial system of scientific nomenclature?
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What significant development did Fanne Eilshemius Hesse introduce?
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What is the incorrect format for scientific names?
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Which of the following is used to view live specimens?
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Which vaccine did Pasteur develop related to anthrax?
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In what year did Watson and Crick identify the structure of DNA?
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Which era is marked by the discovery of microorganisms?
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Which discovery is attributed to Alexander Flemming in 1945?
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Who demonstrated that maggots do not arise from decaying meat when it is covered?
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What was introduced by Louis Pasteur to prevent spoilage?
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What did Lazzaro Spallanzani demonstrate about boiled broth?
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What role do culture media, such as agar, serve in microbiology?
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Study Notes
Microbial World
- Microorganism: A small organism too tiny to see with the naked eye.
- Discovered by Antony van Leeuwenhoek in 1675 using a self-designed microscope.
- Term "Microbe" first used in 1878 by Sedillot.
Branches of Microbiology
- Bacteriology: Study of bacteria
- Mycology: Study of fungi and yeast
- Virology: Study of viruses
- Parasitology: Study of parasitic protozoans and helminths
- Immunology: Study of immune response to disease agents and allergens
Diversity of Microorganisms
- Bacteria: Prokaryotic, single-celled, reproduce by binary fission. Example: Escherichia coli
- Fungi: Eukaryotic, non-vascular, non-motile, heterotrophic, may be unicellular or filamentous. Reproduce by spores. Lack chlorophyll.
- Algae: Eukaryotic, have cellulose cell walls, photosynthetic, produce oxygen and organic compounds, part of the food chain.
- Protozoa: Eukaryotic, unicellular, microscopic, motile using pseudopod, cilia, or flagella.
- Virus: Non-cellular, contain capsid (protein coat), nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA), require a host cell to reproduce.
Importance of Microorganisms
- Used in studying molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics.
- Used in vaccine development.
- Used in antibiotic production.
- Used in production of biological enzymes (e.g., insulin).
- Used in food production (e.g., beer, wine, cheese, yogurt)
- Maintain soil fertility and digestion in animals and humans.
- Help degrade toxic waste materials.
Binomial System of Scientific Nomenclature
- Introduced by Linnaeus.
- Uses genus and species epithet to name organisms.
- Genus is capitalized, species is lowercase.
- Names are italicized or underlined.
- Example: Staphylococcus aureus - describes clustered cell arrangement and golden-yellow color.
- Example: Escherichia coli - honors discoverer Theodor Escherich and describes habitat (colon).
Tools in Microbiology
- Compound Light Microscope: Views living specimens.
- Electron Microscope: Views non-living specimens.
- Incubator: Keeps microbes at optimal temperature for growth.
- Staining Dyes: Enhance visibility of structures.
- Microbial Culture: Growing microbes in controlled conditions.
- Petri Dish: Container for microbiological cultures.
- Culture Media: Provides food for microbes (e.g., agar, nutrient broths).
- Autoclave: Sterilizes materials.
History/Discovery of Microorganisms: Four Eras
Discovery Era
- Aristotle (384-322 BC) believed in spontaneous generation - living organisms arising from non-living matter.
- Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1675) discovered microorganisms through his self-designed microscope.
Transition Era
- Francesco Redi (1697): Disproved spontaneous generation by showing maggots would not arise from covered decaying meat.
- John Needham (1781): Supported spontaneous generation theory.
- Lazzaro Spallanzani (1799): Demonstrated air carries germs, boiled broth wouldn't produce life.
Golden Era
- Louis Pasteur: Showed microorganisms cause fermentation, developed pasteurization to prevent spoilage.
- Pasteur is considered the Father of Medical Microbiology.
- Pasteur developed vaccines for anthrax and rabies.
- Pasteur coined terms "microbiology", "aerobic", and "anaerobic".
- Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation.
Koch's Postulates
- Robert Koch (1876): Provided experimental proof that a bacterium causes anthrax.
- Four postulates to establish a causal relationship between a microorganism and a disease:
- Microorganism present in every case of the disease.
- Microorganism can be isolated in pure culture.
- Inoculation of pure culture into a healthy animal causes the same disease.
- Microorganism can be re-isolated from the experimentally infected animal.
Modern Era (Nobel Laureates Years)
- 1901: Von Behring discovered diphtheria antitoxin.
- 1902: Ronald Ross discovered the cause of malaria.
- 1905: Robert Koch identified the tuberculosis bacterium.
- 1908: Metchnikoff discovered phagocytosis.
- 1945: Flemming discovered penicillin.
- 1962: Watson and Crick identified DNA structure.
- 1968: Holley and Khorana deciphered the genetic code.
- 1997: Pruisne identified prions.
- 2002: Brenner and Hervitz studied genetic regulation of organ development and cell death.
Other Discoveries
- Fanne Eilshemius Hesse (1850–1934): Proposed using agar in culture media.
- Richard Petri (1887): Developed the petri dish for cultivating microbes on solid media.
- Edward Jenner (1749–1823): Pioneered smallpox vaccination.
- Alexander Flemming (1945): Discovered penicillin from Penicillium notatum, which kills bacteria.
- Paul Erlich (1920): Discovered arsenic treatment for syphilis. Studied toxins, antitoxins, and laid the foundation for biological standardization.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of microorganisms in this quiz on microbiology. Learn about the various branches such as bacteriology, mycology, and virology, along with the diversity of microbes including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Test your knowledge about the key concepts and historical discoveries in this essential biological field.
