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Questions and Answers
A bacterium is newly discovered that thrives in highly acidic environments (pH 1-2). Which of the following classifications BEST describes this microbe?
A bacterium is newly discovered that thrives in highly acidic environments (pH 1-2). Which of the following classifications BEST describes this microbe?
- Halophile
- Neutrophile
- Alkaliphile
- Acidophile (correct)
Which of the following statements accurately compares respiration and fermentation?
Which of the following statements accurately compares respiration and fermentation?
- Respiration uses an electron transport chain, while fermentation does not. (correct)
- Fermentation completely oxidizes glucose to $CO_2$, while respiration incompletely oxidizes glucose.
- Fermentation yields more ATP per glucose molecule than respiration.
- Respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen, while fermentation requires oxygen.
A facultative anaerobe is grown in an environment with limited oxygen. Which process would it MOST likely use for energy generation, and why?
A facultative anaerobe is grown in an environment with limited oxygen. Which process would it MOST likely use for energy generation, and why?
- Anaerobic respiration or fermentation, depending on the availability of alternative electron acceptors. (correct)
- Aerobic respiration, because it always prefers oxygen if available.
- Fermentation, because it's more efficient than respiration.
- Aerobic respiration, because it is the fastest way to produce smaller amounts of ATP.
If a bacterial population doubles from 1000 to 2000 cells in 30 minutes, what is its generation time?
If a bacterial population doubles from 1000 to 2000 cells in 30 minutes, what is its generation time?
During which phase of the microbial growth cycle does the rate of cell division equal the rate of cell death?
During which phase of the microbial growth cycle does the rate of cell division equal the rate of cell death?
Which adaptation would MOST likely be observed in a microbe thriving in extremely cold environments?
Which adaptation would MOST likely be observed in a microbe thriving in extremely cold environments?
A researcher is comparing the genomes of several E. coli strains. Which type of genes would you expect to find exclusively in the pan-genome, but NOT in the core genome?
A researcher is comparing the genomes of several E. coli strains. Which type of genes would you expect to find exclusively in the pan-genome, but NOT in the core genome?
Which of the following mutations is MOST likely to lead to a significant evolutionary change in a bacterial population?
Which of the following mutations is MOST likely to lead to a significant evolutionary change in a bacterial population?
Which of the following is the MOST significant reason why only a small percentage of microbes can be cultured in a lab?
Which of the following is the MOST significant reason why only a small percentage of microbes can be cultured in a lab?
How did Louis Pasteur's experiments using swan-necked flasks contribute to the field of microbiology?
How did Louis Pasteur's experiments using swan-necked flasks contribute to the field of microbiology?
Which statement accurately compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Which statement accurately compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of the cytoplasmic membrane in a bacterial cell?
What is the primary function of the cytoplasmic membrane in a bacterial cell?
What is the key distinction between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that results in their differential staining?
What is the key distinction between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that results in their differential staining?
A microbiology student is tasked with designing a culture medium to selectively grow a specific species of bacteria from a soil sample. The target bacteria can utilize a particular rare sugar as its sole carbon source. What type of medium would be MOST appropriate?
A microbiology student is tasked with designing a culture medium to selectively grow a specific species of bacteria from a soil sample. The target bacteria can utilize a particular rare sugar as its sole carbon source. What type of medium would be MOST appropriate?
Which of the following cellular structures are involved in bacterial motility?
Which of the following cellular structures are involved in bacterial motility?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of micronutrients in microbial growth?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of micronutrients in microbial growth?
Flashcards
Microbiology
Microbiology
The study of the biology of microscopic organisms (microorganisms).
Microorganism
Microorganism
A microscopic organism that consists of one cell or clusters of cells.
Microbial Diversity
Microbial Diversity
Microbes possess diverse metabolic pathways and can exploit various ecological niches resulting in high adaptability and variation.
Koch's Postulates
Koch's Postulates
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Spontaneous Generation
Spontaneous Generation
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Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes
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Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
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Macronutrients (Microbes)
Macronutrients (Microbes)
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Metabolism
Metabolism
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Microbial Oxygen Requirements
Microbial Oxygen Requirements
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Gene Transfer Mechanisms
Gene Transfer Mechanisms
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Respiration vs. Fermentation
Respiration vs. Fermentation
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Generation Time
Generation Time
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Mutations
Mutations
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Microbial Genome
Microbial Genome
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Factors Affecting Microbial Growth
Factors Affecting Microbial Growth
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Study Notes
- Microbiology is the study of the biology of microscopic organisms (microorganisms).
- A microorganism is a microscopic organism that has one cell or clusters.
- Microorganisms were the first entities on Earth that showed properties of life.
Microorganism Importance
- Microorganisms' significance differentiate them from other organisms.
Culture Issues
- Only 1% of microbes on the planet are able to be cultured.
Microbial Diversity
- Microbes exhibit diversity for various reasons compared to other organisms.
Koch's Postulates
- Koch's postulates advanced medical microbiology.
Historical Figures
- Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek greatly contributed to microbiology.
Spontaneous Generation
- Louis Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation.
Microorganism Types
- Microorganisms are divided into several types.
Cell Structures
- Cellular structure must be defined and identified within prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
- There are key similarities and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Bacteria vs. Archaea vs. Eukaryotes
- Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes have different cell structures
Microbe Size and Shape
- Microbes' size and shape is dependent on several variables.
Cytoplasmic Membrane
- The cytoplasmic membrane functions in a significant way regarding cell function.
Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative
- There are key similarities and differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria cell walls.
Cell Structures
- Cell structures are important for attachment, motility, energy generation, and protection.
Nutrients
- Macronutrients and micronutrients are required by microbes for growth.
Culture Mediums
- There's a difference between defined media, complex media, selective media, and differential media.
Growing Microbes
- Microbes grow from a given environment using specific media.
Metabolism
- Metabolism is defined by multiple energy generation mechanisms.
Energy Generation Classes
- There are five energy generation classes.
- There are key similarities and differences between the five energy generation classes.
Microorganism oxygen Requirements
- Microorganisms can be identified and defined based on their oxygen requirements.
Energy
- Microbes use different types of electron donors and acceptors for energy.
- The redox tower affects the amount of energy gained by microbes.
Respiration vs. Fermentation
- Respiration and fermentation entail similarities and differences.
- Microbes capable of both respiration and fermentation decide which to use based on conditions.
Microbial Growth
- Microbial growth involves two major steps.
- Microbial growth and how we measure it are important concepts.
Microbial Quantification
- There are different methods used to quantify microbial growth.
- Each method has advantages and disadvantages.
Microbial Growth
- A method can be chosen based on a scenario provided regarding microbial growth.
Generation Time
- Generation time is defined and varies between microbes.
- It also varies if the same organism grows in the lab or a natural environment.
Growth Cycle
- The four phases of the growth cycle occur, and specific actions happen in each.
Environmental Factors
- Temperature, pH, and oxygen affect microbial growth and growth ranges.
- Microbes are defined based on preferences for temperature, pH, salt, and oxygen growth.
- Microbes adapt to high and low temperatures, which includes how the cytoplasmic membrane adapts.
Microbial Growth Control
- Microbial growth can be controlled in different ways.
Genomics
- Genomics and a microbial genome are well-defined terms.
- A microbial genome's importance provides information for learning about specific microbes.
Genome Size
- Genome size correlates with cell size and microbial metabolism and function.
Genomes
- Mechanisms evolve through which genomes evolve.
- Mobile elements hold a role and importance.
- Microbial core genome and pan genome entails a comparison.
- Certain types of genes are expected in the core genome and pan genome.
Gene Transfer
- There are two mechanisms in microorganisms.
Evolution
- Mutation drives evolutionary changes in microbes.
Mutation
- Mutations are likely to lead to evolutionary change, cell death, or no change.
- Mutations have specific causes in microorganisms.
- Mutation rates vary within a single microbe, and between types of microbes.
Microbe Scenarios
- Scenarios occur when microbes can be good or bad.
Horizontal Gene Transfer
- There about three horizontal gene transfer mechanisms in prokaryotes.
- Each works in its individual way.
- The three horizontal gene transfer mechanisms vary in similarities and differences.
- The gene transfer mechanism is best suited for a given scenario based on DNA transferred, environmental conditions, phylogenetic relatedness of cells, etc.
- Conjugation is compared in Bacteria and Archaea.
Staphylococcus aureus
- Aspects of the cell morphology, environmental conditions, and exposure route for humans is described in Staphyloccocus aureus.
- Staphylococcus aureus evades human host immunity to cause infection while other Staphylococcus species cannot.
- Bacteriophage contributes to increased antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
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Description
Explore the basics of microbiology, including the importance and diversity of microorganisms. Learn about culture issues, Koch's postulates, and key figures like Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, and Pasteur. Discover the different types of microorganisms and cellular structures in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
