Introduction to Logic

_____ is about clear and effective thinking.

Logic is a _____ and an _____.

Our question emphasizing _____ and , this course explores the question '' through the arguments and reasons underlying the philosophy of chiropractic.

_____ is the study of knowledge (what counts as knowledge, how we might acquire knowledge).

Epistemology is the study of _____.

Epistemologists concern themselves with two main categories: 1. The _____ of knowledge (what it means to know something), and 2. The _____ of human knowledge (how much we can know and how we acquire it).

Logic and _____ are inseparable.

The phrase 'to _____' reminds us that attention demands an active, energetic response.

_____ causes us to make careless judgments about facts right before our eyes.

Having a healthy respect for the firm factualness of the world is important because logic is about _____.

Being logical presupposes a _____ of how ideas relate to objective facts, because logic is about _____.

A fact is something _____ or _____. It has clear objective status.

Objective facts can be categorized as: 1. _____, which are actually existing entities (animal, vegetable, or mineral), and 2. _____, such as the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.

Regarding objective facts, things are considered more _____ than events because events are made up of things or their actions.

To determine the reality of a fact that is a _____, you can _____ its location and observe it directly. This concept relates to _____.

Facts can be thought of as _____ and _____.

Things and events are _____ facts.

A _____ fact is one that is limited to the person experiencing it, such as a headache.

Establishing the reality of subjective facts depends entirely on the _____ of those who claim to be experiencing them.

If a given fact is an actually existing thing to which we have _____, the surest way to establish its factualness is to put ourselves in its _____.

A subjective fact, to the person experiencing it, is _____ under normal circumstances. However, mechanisms like _____ or _____ can cause someone to misinterpret even their own subjective facts.

Every idea in the mind is ultimately traceable to a _____ or _____ actually existing in a world that is _____ of and apart from the mind.

An idea is the subjective _____ of an objective _____.

_____ are ideas that faithfully reflect the objective order from which they derive.

_____ are those that give us a distorted representation of the objective world.

To ensure our ideas are clear, we must vigilantly attend to the relationship between any given _____ and its _____.

It is _____ to suppose that because we know things in the world only through our ideas, it is only our ideas which we _____.

Conception is possible in the thinking subject only because of the _____ with the world.

Our ideas and understanding are clear only to the extent that we keep _____ on the things to which they refer.

The more we focus on our ideas while ignoring their objective origins, the more _____ those ideas become.

When we speak of _____, we mean ascertaining that there is a corresponding _____ to our mind for a particular idea.

The three basic components of human knowledge are: 1. An _____ (e.g., a cat), 2. The _____ of the cat, and 3. The _____ we apply to the idea.

Bad ideas are discussed in the context of _____ and _____ ideas.

We call _____ ideas those for which there is no _____ one-to-one correspondence between the idea and a thing (e.g., democracy).

An idea is _____ or _____ to the degree that it is distanced and unmindful of its _____ in the objective world.

No idea, even the most bizarre, can completely sever its ties with the _____.

Bad ideas can be informative, not about the objective world, but about the _____ of the persons who nourish those ideas.

Ideas themselves are not directly _____ from one mind to another; they must be fitted to _____ for faithful communication.

How do we ensure that our _____ are adequate to the _____ they seek to convey? By going back to the sources of the ideas.

Often we cannot find the right word for an idea because we don't have a _____ on the idea itself.

_____ and _____ are inextricably bound up with each other, which becomes clear when recalling the relationship between the _____ and the _____.

Matching words to ideas is the first and most basic step in _____.

While words are building blocks, logic starts with the _____, as this is the level where truth or falsity is introduced.

Logic is about establishing what is _____ and distinguishing it from what is _____.

Don't assume your audience understands your meaning if you don't make it _____.

When communicating logically, strive to speak in _____.

Don't treat _____ as if they were statements of objective fact.

For clarity in logical communication, avoid _____.

For effective communication, gear your language toward your _____.

The word _____ (from Latin 'vagus' meaning wandering) refers to blurred reference, while the word _____ (from Latin 'ambigere' meaning to wander about) refers to multiple meanings.

A word is _____ if its reference is blurred.

As a rule, the more _____ the word, the vaguer it is.

An _____ (also called 'equivocal') is a term with more than one meaning where the context doesn't clarify the intended meaning.

Strive to be so straightforward in language that it is _____ for any reasonably _____ audience to miss the meaning.

While _____ have a place in language, be careful they don't become a way of evading the real issue.

_____ occurs when the same word is used with different meanings in different instances.

_____ occurs when a phrase or sentence is grammatically ambiguous, leading to potential misinterpretation.

The problem with _____ language is twofold.

One problem with evasive language is that it can _____ an audience.

A second problem with evasive language is its potential to distort the user's _____.

The whole purpose of reasoning and logic is to arrive at the _____ of things.

Truth has two basic forms: _____ truth and _____ truth.

Of the two basic forms of truth, _____ truth, referring to the truth of being or existence, is considered more basic.

Something is considered ontologically true if it _____, meaning it has real being.

_____ truth is the form of truth concerning the truth of _____, manifested in thinking and language.

To affirm a statement is to declare it _____; to deny it is to brand it _____.

A statement is _____ if what it says reflects what is the case.

A true statement declares a correspondence between ideas in the mind () and real states of affairs in the world ().

Establishing truth involves determining if what one believes or suspects to be true has a _____.

When establishing truth, the focus of attention must be on the _____ of things.

What determines the truth or falsity of a statement is what _____ in the real world.

The understanding that logical truth is a matter of correspondence between the content of a statement and objective facts is called the _____.

Subordinate to the correspondence theory, the _____ maintains that a statement is true if it coherently fits into an established system of thought.

An example of applying the coherence theory of truth might involve concluding a statement about the physical world is true because it aligns with the _____.