Introduction to Linguistics

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of linguistic studies?

  • To translate languages for international communication
  • To provide accurate descriptions of languages and discover how they work (correct)
  • To study the relationship between language and culture
  • To develop language teaching methodologies

What is the focus of theoretical linguistics?

  • Practical applications of language theories
  • Developing theories of language structure and principles (correct)
  • Studying language in social contexts
  • Analyzing language errors in language learners

What do phonetics and phonology study?

  • The structure of words and sentences
  • The meaning of words and sentences
  • The sound systems of languages (correct)
  • The social context of language use

What branch of linguistics is concerned with the internal structure of words?

<p>Morphology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of sociolinguistics?

<p>The connections between language and society (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does psycholinguistics study?

<p>The mental mechanisms of language use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between theoretical and applied linguistics?

<p>The development of language theories versus practical applications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of applied linguistics?

<p>To solve language-related problems using language theories and findings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of naturalistic materials?

<p>They retain the action-orientated and situated nature of talk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using naturalistic materials?

<p>They can be difficult to acquire recordings of certain topics or phenomena (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of interviews in discourse?

<p>To provide an arena for certain practices to take place (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of interviews in discourse?

<p>They tend to be active and sometimes argumentative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of using interviews in discourse?

<p>They allow the researcher to focus on particular topics or themes in a concentrated manner (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using interviews in discourse?

<p>The interaction in interviews and focus groups may not be natural (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a written text?

<p>Diaries, newspapers, blogs, emails or medical records (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of written texts?

<p>They are pervasive and naturally occurring features of everyday and institutional life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key concept that relates a sequence of sentences to other sequences of sentences?

<p>Intertextuality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the social role and relationship of the participants in a discourse?

<p>The Situation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept that refers to the mediators between individuals and society as a whole?

<p>Institution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the physical conditions surrounding the speech act?

<p>Setting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influences the interpretation of discourse?

<p>The situation of discourse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the norms of interaction and the norm of interpretation?

<p>Norms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the combination of three components that influence the situation in which discourse is produced and processed?

<p>Setting, The Situation, and Norms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term sometimes used to refer to the situation of discourse?

<p>Context (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern when arranging things into different groups?

<p>Avoiding overdoing things (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between coherence and cohesion in the context of text?

<p>Coherence refers to the semantic connectivity of linguistic forms, while cohesion refers to the syntactic connectivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for a sequence of sentences to be considered a text?

<p>The writer must have a conscious intention of achieving specific goals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of social background in determining the acceptability of a text?

<p>It decides on the acceptability of the text to the audience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of marking sentences or passages with an initial question mark?

<p>To indicate that the sentence lacks internal logic and is not acceptable to the audience (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between intentionality and situationality?

<p>Intentionality is subjective, while situationality is objective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for a text to be considered informative?

<p>The text must contain new information and be understandable to the audience (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of social roles in institutions?

<p>To regulate individual behavior through a system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do institutions specify their areas of functionality?

<p>By defining their areas more and more precisely (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the language behavior in lectures and tutorials?

<p>Formality in lectures and informality in tutorials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do institutions exercise power?

<p>Through their systems of rules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of research on discourse functions?

<p>The investigation of objectives and effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between a specific form of language and a specific function?

<p>The specific form of language is influenced by the institutional background (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many different objectives of discourse are there?

<p>Three (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary influence on the investigation of objectives and effects?

<p>None of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Linguistics

The scientific study of language, including its structure, meaning, and context.

Theoretical Linguistics

Focuses on creating theories about language structure and meaning.

Applied Linguistics

Applies linguistic theories to solve real-world problems.

Phonetics

The study of speech sounds in general.

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Phonology

The study of the sound system of a specific language.

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Morphology

The study of the internal structure of words.

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Syntax

The study of the structure of sentences.

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Semantics

The study of meaning in language.

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Pragmatics

The study of how context affects meaning.

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Sociolinguistics

Examines the relationship between language and society.

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Psycholinguistics

Studies the mental processes involved in language use.

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Naturalistic Materials

Language data collected from real-life situations.

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Advantage of Interviews?

Flexibility in participant selection is possible.

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Acceptability

The text must be understandable to the audience

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Informativeness

The text must convey some new information.

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Situationality

Considering the where and when of a text.

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Intertextuality

Texts reference other texts.

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Situation in Discourse Analysis

How physical setting impacts discourse.

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Institution in Discourse Analysis

Social structures regulate behavior.

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Objectives & Effects in Discourse

Discourse functions and audience effects.

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Intentionality

Intent to convey meaning when speaking/writing.

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Examples of Naturalistic Materials.

Everyday conversations are?

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Written texts

Diaries, newspapers are considered?

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Disadvantage of Naturalistic Materials?

Ethical concerns of data.

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Disadvantage of Interviews?

Data may be unauthentic.

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Text interpretation

Coherence refers to?

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Text interpretation

Cohesion refers to?

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Advantage of Interviews?

Analysis is focused and concentrated.

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Advantage of Naturalistic Materials?

Situational context of data is retained.

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Disadvantage of Naturalistic Materials?

Acquiring specific topics is difficult.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Linguistics

  • Linguistics is the scientific study of language, divided into theoretical and applied linguistics
  • Theoretical linguistics focuses on developing theories of language structure and meaning
  • Applied linguistics combines theoretical linguistics with practical applications to solve problems

Theoretical Linguistics

  • Phonetics studies speech sounds in general
  • Phonology discusses the principles governing the sound systems of particular languages
  • Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words
  • Syntax is the study of the structure of sentences
  • Semantics is the study of meaning in language
  • Pragmatics studies the role of context in shaping language meaning

Applied Linguistics

  • Sociolinguistics examines the connections between language and society
  • Psycholinguistics studies the mental mechanisms that enable language use

Research Methods

  • Naturalistic materials: everyday conversations, telephone interviews, and group discussions
    • Advantages: highly natural, retain situational context
    • Disadvantages: difficult to acquire certain topics, ethical concerns with secret recording
  • Interviews: focused on particular topics, allow for control over participant selection
    • Advantages: concentrated analysis, controlled sampling
    • Disadvantages: may not be natural due to controlled environment
  • Written texts: diaries, newspapers, emails, etc.
    • Importance of coherence and cohesion in text interpretation

Textuality

  • Intentionality: writers/speakers must have a conscious intention to convey meaning
  • Acceptability: texts must be understandable and acceptable to the intended audience
  • Informativeness: texts must contain new information
  • Situationality: consideration of the situation in which the text was produced and received
  • Intertextuality: relationship between texts, referencing prior texts or contexts

Discourse Analysis

  • Situation: influence of physical setting, social roles, and norms on discourse
  • Institution: social structures that regulate individual behavior, influencing language use
  • Objectives and effects: focus on discourse functions, objectives, and effects on the audience

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