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Questions and Answers
What type of sounds are characterized by complete closure at some point in the vocal tract?
Which of the following plosives is not an English phoneme?
What is the characteristic of affricates?
How many affricates are there in English?
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What is the term for sounds that are produced in the same place with the same speech organs?
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What is the phoneme represented by the symbol /tʃ/?
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Why are sequences like /Itxl/ and /dr/ not recognized as independent phonemes?
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How many phonemes does the word 'judge' consist of?
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What is the significance of the word 'manual' in the context of the book?
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What is the primary goal of the manual in terms of its organization?
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What is the advantage of the manual's approach for students who begin their English studies with phonetics and phonology?
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How does the manual introduce new technical terms?
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What is the purpose of including alternative terms for the same concept in the manual?
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What is the significance of the exercises in a separate section after each lesson?
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What is the benefit of the manual's carefully staged manner of advancing terminology and knowledge?
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What is the ultimate goal of acquainting readers with a variety of different terms for the same concept?
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What is the main reason why the voiced/voiceless contrast cannot always distinguish meaning?
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What is the term used to describe a voiceless sound made with more force or higher tension?
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What is the relationship between voiced/voiceless and lenis/fortis in English?
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Why do we still perceive a difference between 'zeal' and 'seal' even when whispered?
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What is the typical way of producing the Scottish Ixl phoneme?
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Which type of phonemes involve an intermittent closure of the speech organs in the vocal tract?
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What is the term used to describe a voiced sound made with a relatively weak breath force or little muscular tension?
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What is the term used to describe the process of making lenis sounds voiceless?
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What is the phonetic symbol for the alveolar roll pronunciation variant of the Ixl phoneme?
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What is the reason why the terms 'soft' and 'hard' are not used in linguistics to describe speech sounds?
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What type of phonemes are produced when air forces its way through a very narrow gap between two speech organs?
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What is the relationship between the voiced/voiceless contrast and the intensity of articulation?
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In which accent of English is the Ixl phoneme in words like 'very' sometimes realised as a single flap of the tongue tip against the alveolar ridge?
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How many slit fricatives are there in English?
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What is the result of air forcing its way through a very narrow gap between two speech organs?
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In which accent of English is the alveolar flap pronunciation variant of the Ixl phoneme very common?
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What is the difference between the second sound in the English word 'hurt' and the second sound in the German word 'hört'?
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How many distinctive features are used to describe English vowels?
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Who is credited with devising the vowel chart?
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What is the shape of the diagram used to arrange vowel symbols?
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What determines the vowel quality in the English word 'hurt'?
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What is the difference between the second sound in 'hurt' and 'bird'?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Linguistics
- The manual is a self-explanatory introduction to linguistics, requiring no prior knowledge of the subject.
- It begins with the basics of linguistics, providing an overview of the various branches, including phonetics and phonology.
Phonetics and Phonology
- The first lesson introduces the fundamental question of what linguistics is and provides a brief overview of the branches of linguistics.
- Phonetics and phonology are introduced in a broader context, making it easier for students to understand the subject.
Manual Structure
- The manual is structured in a way that each lesson builds upon previous lessons, advancing terminology and knowledge in a staged manner.
- Complementary exercises are included after each lesson to allow students to practice the theory they've learned.
- Technical terms are introduced in bold type, often accompanied by alternative terms and a gloss in German.
Phonologically Relevant Features
- The voiced/voiceless contrast is accompanied by a difference in the force with which the air-stream is pushed up.
- Voiced sounds are made with a relatively weak breath force or little muscular tension (lenis articulation).
- Voiceless sounds are made with more force or higher tension (fortis articulation).
Description of Speech Sounds
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The manual describes speech sounds in nine categories, ranging from total closure of the speech organs to a fairly wide opening between them.
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The categories include:
Plosives
- Sounds made with complete closure at some point in the vocal tract, followed by an explosive release of air through the mouth.
- Examples: /p/ as in peach, /t/ as in tiger, and /k/ as in Canada.
Affricates
- Sounds consisting of two elements: a plosive and a slow release of air, producing friction and a hissing sound.
- Examples: /tʃ/ as in cheese (fortis) and /dʒ/ as in gin (lenis).
Rolls
- Sounds involving an intermittent closure of the speech organs in the vocal tract.
- No rolled phonemes in RP or any other accent of English, but some dialects have a rolled pronunciation variant of the /r/ phoneme.
Flaps
- Sounds involving a single flap of one articulator against another.
- No flapped phonemes in English, but some pronunciation variants are produced in this way.
Fricatives
- Sounds made when air forces its way through a narrow gap between two speech organs, producing audible friction.
- Examples: /s/ as in film, /z/ as in video, /θ/ as in thin, and /ð/ as in this.
Vowels
- The vowel chart is based on two distinctive features: closeness/openness and frontness/backness.
- The shape of the lips affects vowel quality, but it cannot distinguish vowel phonemes in English.
- The vowel chart, or vowel diagram, is a schematic representation of the symbols for vowels based on the two criteria mentioned above.
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Description
A comprehensive introduction to linguistics, covering the basics of the field in a self-explanatory and accessible way, requiring no prior knowledge. This manual is designed to be worked through from cover to cover, providing a sense of completeness and achievement.
