Introduction to Linguistics Manual
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Questions and Answers

What type of sounds are characterized by complete closure at some point in the vocal tract?

  • Fricatives
  • Plosives (correct)
  • Affricates
  • Nasals

    • Which of the following plosives is not an English phoneme?

  • /k/
  • /?/ (correct)
  • /t/
  • /p/

    • What is the characteristic of affricates?

  • No closure in the vocal tract
  • Complete closure in the vocal tract with slow air release (correct)
  • Complete closure in the vocal tract without air release
  • Closure in the vocal tract with rapid air release

    • How many affricates are there in English?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for sounds that are produced in the same place with the same speech organs?

    <p>Homorganic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phoneme represented by the symbol /tʃ/?

    <p>A fortis affricate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are sequences like /Itxl/ and /dr/ not recognized as independent phonemes?

    <p>Because they do not have a compelling reason to be recognized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many phonemes does the word 'judge' consist of?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the word 'manual' in the context of the book?

    <p>It implies a comprehensive guide to linguistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the manual in terms of its organization?

    <p>To present a comprehensive and self-explanatory guide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of the manual's approach for students who begin their English studies with phonetics and phonology?

    <p>It helps them to locate phonetics and phonology in a broader context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the manual introduce new technical terms?

    <p>In bold type, followed by common alternative terms and a gloss in German</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of including alternative terms for the same concept in the manual?

    <p>To prepare students for the array of terminologies used in other textbooks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the exercises in a separate section after each lesson?

    <p>To give students the opportunity to put the theory they have learned into practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of the manual's carefully staged manner of advancing terminology and knowledge?

    <p>It helps students to identify new terms and concepts clearly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of acquainting readers with a variety of different terms for the same concept?

    <p>To prepare students for the array of terminologies used in other textbooks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why the voiced/voiceless contrast cannot always distinguish meaning?

    <p>Because it is often accompanied by a difference in the force with which the air-stream is pushed up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a voiceless sound made with more force or higher tension?

    <p>Fortis articulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between voiced/voiceless and lenis/fortis in English?

    <p>Fortis sounds are always voiceless, but lenis sounds can be either voiced or voiceless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do we still perceive a difference between 'zeal' and 'seal' even when whispered?

    <p>Because of the difference in the intensity with which the initial sounds are articulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical way of producing the Scottish Ixl phoneme?

    <p>By a vibration of the tongue against the alveolar ridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of phonemes involve an intermittent closure of the speech organs in the vocal tract?

    <p>Rolls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a voiced sound made with a relatively weak breath force or little muscular tension?

    <p>Lenis articulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of making lenis sounds voiceless?

    <p>Devoicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phonetic symbol for the alveolar roll pronunciation variant of the Ixl phoneme?

    <p>[r]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why the terms 'soft' and 'hard' are not used in linguistics to describe speech sounds?

    <p>Because they are ambiguous and can be used in different ways in popular usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of phonemes are produced when air forces its way through a very narrow gap between two speech organs?

    <p>Fricatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the voiced/voiceless contrast and the intensity of articulation?

    <p>The voiced/voiceless contrast is often accompanied by a difference in the intensity of articulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which accent of English is the Ixl phoneme in words like 'very' sometimes realised as a single flap of the tongue tip against the alveolar ridge?

    <p>RP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many slit fricatives are there in English?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of air forcing its way through a very narrow gap between two speech organs?

    <p>Audible friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which accent of English is the alveolar flap pronunciation variant of the Ixl phoneme very common?

    <p>American English</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the second sound in the English word 'hurt' and the second sound in the German word 'hört'?

    <p>Lip shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many distinctive features are used to describe English vowels?

    <p>Two: closeness/openness and frontness/backness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with devising the vowel chart?

    <p>Daniel Jones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the diagram used to arrange vowel symbols?

    <p>Quadrilateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the vowel quality in the English word 'hurt'?

    <p>Lip shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the second sound in 'hurt' and 'bird'?

    <p>There is no difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Linguistics

    • The manual is a self-explanatory introduction to linguistics, requiring no prior knowledge of the subject.
    • It begins with the basics of linguistics, providing an overview of the various branches, including phonetics and phonology.

    Phonetics and Phonology

    • The first lesson introduces the fundamental question of what linguistics is and provides a brief overview of the branches of linguistics.
    • Phonetics and phonology are introduced in a broader context, making it easier for students to understand the subject.

    Manual Structure

    • The manual is structured in a way that each lesson builds upon previous lessons, advancing terminology and knowledge in a staged manner.
    • Complementary exercises are included after each lesson to allow students to practice the theory they've learned.
    • Technical terms are introduced in bold type, often accompanied by alternative terms and a gloss in German.

    Phonologically Relevant Features

    • The voiced/voiceless contrast is accompanied by a difference in the force with which the air-stream is pushed up.
    • Voiced sounds are made with a relatively weak breath force or little muscular tension (lenis articulation).
    • Voiceless sounds are made with more force or higher tension (fortis articulation).

    Description of Speech Sounds

    • The manual describes speech sounds in nine categories, ranging from total closure of the speech organs to a fairly wide opening between them.

    • The categories include:

      Plosives

      • Sounds made with complete closure at some point in the vocal tract, followed by an explosive release of air through the mouth.
      • Examples: /p/ as in peach, /t/ as in tiger, and /k/ as in Canada.

      Affricates

      • Sounds consisting of two elements: a plosive and a slow release of air, producing friction and a hissing sound.
      • Examples: /tʃ/ as in cheese (fortis) and /dʒ/ as in gin (lenis).

      Rolls

      • Sounds involving an intermittent closure of the speech organs in the vocal tract.
      • No rolled phonemes in RP or any other accent of English, but some dialects have a rolled pronunciation variant of the /r/ phoneme.

      Flaps

      • Sounds involving a single flap of one articulator against another.
      • No flapped phonemes in English, but some pronunciation variants are produced in this way.

      Fricatives

      • Sounds made when air forces its way through a narrow gap between two speech organs, producing audible friction.
      • Examples: /s/ as in film, /z/ as in video, /θ/ as in thin, and /ð/ as in this.

    Vowels

    • The vowel chart is based on two distinctive features: closeness/openness and frontness/backness.
    • The shape of the lips affects vowel quality, but it cannot distinguish vowel phonemes in English.
    • The vowel chart, or vowel diagram, is a schematic representation of the symbols for vowels based on the two criteria mentioned above.

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    Description

    A comprehensive introduction to linguistics, covering the basics of the field in a self-explanatory and accessible way, requiring no prior knowledge. This manual is designed to be worked through from cover to cover, providing a sense of completeness and achievement.

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