Introduction to Life Processes

Introduction to Live Processes

• This is the first biology lecture on the channel.
• Focus and concentration are important to understand the chapter.
• The main processes covered are nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion.
• Life processes are essential for maintaining life on Earth.
• Live processes are the basic functions performed by living organisms to maintain their life on this earth.

Types of Organisms and Processes

• Organisms are classified as unicellular (single-celled) or multicellular (many-celled).
• Nutrition involves obtaining and utilizing food.
• Respiration is the breakdown of food into glucose.
• Transportation involves distributing the nutrients.
• Excretion involves removing waste materials.

Importance of Nutrition

• Provides energy for the body.
• Supports growth and development.
• Repairs damaged tissues.

Two Main Types of Nutrition

• Autotrophic: Organisms prepare their own food.
• Heterotrophic: Organisms depend on other organisms for food.

Autotrophic Nutrition

• In autotrophic nutrition the organisms prepare their own food.
• Two Types of Autotrophic Nutrition: Photosynthetic vs. Chemosynthetic

Photosynthetic Autotrophic Nutrition

• Involves photosynthesis.

Chemosynthetic Autotrophic Nutrition

• Organisms use chemicals to produce energy.
• Example: Sulfur bacteria utilize sulfur compounds for chemical energy.
• Organisms use chemicals to create their energy.
• Sulfur bacteria are an example.

Photosynthesis

• The process needs four ingredients
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2)
  • Water
  • Sunlight
  • Chlorophyll
• Plants take in carbon dioxide and water, use sunlight and chlorophyll to create glucose, water, and oxygen.
• The equation for photosynthesis is: CO2 + Water + Sunlight + Chlorophyll = Glucose + Water + Oxygen.
• Plants store glucose in the form of starch.
• Animals store glucose in the form of glycogen.
• Plants store glucose as starch
• Animals store glucose as glucagon

Steps of Photosynthesis

• Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
• Conversion of light energy into chemical energy.
• Reduction of carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates.
• Water molecules broken down

Exchange of Gases in Plants (Stomata)

• Stomata are tiny openings on leaves for gas exchange.
• Stomata facilitate transpiration (removal of excess water).
• They also allow the exchange of gases during photosynthesis.
• Diagram of stomata is important, consisting of epidermal cells and guard cells
• Water in guard cells causes stomata to open and water release causes it to close.

Stomata Diagrams and Processes

• Stomata can be open or closed.
• Opening and closing depend on water content in guard cells.
• Water coming into guard cells makes it open, water leaving closes it.

Photosynthesis in Desert Plants

• Sunlight captured during the day and stored
• desert plants do not open stomata during day to prevent water loss
• Stomata open at night to take in carbon dioxide.
• Process occurs at night due to very bright sun

Heterotrophic Nutrition in Detail

• Followed by organisms that rely on others for food
• Three types are discussed: Holozoic, Saprotrophic, and Parasitic.

Holozoic Nutrition

• Organisms ingest solid organic matter and digest it internally.
• Holozoic includes animals and human beings

Saprotrophic Nutrition

• Organisms digest food externally, then absorb nutrients.
• Organisms digest their food first then absorb nurtients
• Includes fungi and bacteria.

Parasitic Nutrition

• Organisms derive nutrition from other living organisms.
• Example: the plant cuscuta does not have chlorophyll and depends on another living organisms
• Example: lice obtain blood from hosts.
• A plant example is cuscuta, which lacks chlorophyll.

Steps After Nutrition

• There are five steps that explain this
  • Ingestion: Taking in food
  • Digestion: breaking down food
  • Absorption
  • Sacimilation: using derived broken down material for energy
  • Ingestion: expelling waste

Nutrition in Amoeba

• The five steps are used by Amoeba in digestion and nutrition
• Amoeba has one cell so it is unicellular, with one nucleus
• Ingestion: Food is brought in
• Digestion: the food is broken down
• Absorption and Assimilation
• Egestion

Nutrition in Humans - Human Digestive System

• How humans take in food and digest it
• Divided into 2 parts, alimentary canal and associated functions
• The canal passes food
• Organs associated help process the food

Initial Stages of Digestion - Mouth

• Mouths breaks down food physically and saliva starts digestion process
• Complex sugars is converted with the help of saliva
• Complex sugars are converted into small sugars thanks to EMILYS which breaks it down

Esophagus - Food Pipe

• Food is pushed down to rythmic contraction, Involuntary movement
• Food is pushed downwards thanks to consistent contraction
• So called, Involuntary Movement causes this

Further Digestion - Stomach

• The stomach uses 3 products in aiding the digestion process
  • Hydrochloric acid: kills bacteria that's in the food
  • Pepsin: Breaks down protein
  • Mucus: Protects walls of the stomach
  • An inbalance causes heart burn

Liver and Pancreas - Helping the Stomach

• The liver secretes juice into a blatter
• The pancreas helps by secreting more enzymes

Liver Bile

• Liver secretes bile, which helps neutralize acidity and break down fats
• Biles importance in digesting stuff
  • Make food Alkaline
  • Breaks down fats by Emulsification big fats breaking into smaller fats

Pancreas Enzymes

• It gives enzymes -Tripsin: helps digest proteins -Lipase: helps break down emulsification of fats
  • Pancreatic Amylase: helps with digesting carbohydrates

Small Intestine for Further Digestion

• Small instestine secretes intestinal juices

Absorption – Small Intestine

• Vili creates hair string structures that absrob food
• Rich with lots of blood cell connections that absorb food and send it throughout the body

Role of Vili

• The Vili help increase surface area that allows to absorbr more nutrience and vitamins in the smal intentstine

Large Intestine Function

• Large intestine absrbs water
• Solid waste then goes away by anus
• Solid waste is removed (egestion).

Herbavors vs Carnivors Intestines

• The intestetines are larger because plant based foods are harder to break down

Introduction to Respiration

• Is a process in where organisms obtain energy
• ATP is the produced energy
• Glucose + Oxygen make carbon dioxide and ATP

Breating and Respiration

• Important difference
• Breathing helps breath in air whereas Respiration extracts energy
• It involves extracting and exhaling

Respiration Types

• Areboic respiration has oxygen and anearobic does not

Respiration reactions in relation to oxygen

• The production of oxygen for respiration results in a release of Carbon Dioxide, Water and Energy

Role of Cytoplasm

• There are various reactions depending on the presence of oxygen
• Cytoplasm can break down with Glucose via Piruvate

3 Types of Reactions for Oxygen

• Present of oxygen creates the following Carbon Dioxide, Water + Energy
• Absence of Oxygen, Ethonal + Carbon Dioxide
• Lactic acid creates absence of full oxygen and cramps occurs

Gas exchange occurs in plants via stomata

Respiration in Human being Body

• Respiration
• Nasal Cavity
• Epiglottis
• Larynx, windpipe
• Branch in Brochi
• Smallest form of Brochi called Bronchial
• The Aveloili are in the bronchioles, look like round structures
• Oxygen goes in the body inside of the Aveloili, and Carbondioxide goes out

The Gas Exchange Process

• Oxygen and blood mix inside the Blood vessel where the oxygen bonds
• The Aveloili provides the means of all gas exchange

Aveloili Details

• The heamoglobin helps the bonding of Oxygen
• The alveliolli are balloons that mix blood + Oxygen for energy

What is Transporation?

• It is the process it makes something transfer from organ to organ
• The main part of the transport is blood

Circulatory System

• The system contains: blood, blood vessals and a heart
• Blood transfers things
• Blood Vessals contains tubs to travel the blood
• Heart pumps the blood

What is Blood?

• Has 2 parts, the plasma and blood cell
• The Plasma has a liquid that is considered the plasma
• Blood Cell consists of the following, RBC, WBC and platelets

Breakdown of Blood Components and Function

• RBC has cell that contains heamoglobin to create oxygen flow
• WBC helps fight against disease's using human's immune function
• Platelets helps blood clots and provides recovery that stops bleeding
• Blood transports hormones and regulates body tenperature

Types of Blood Vessels

• There are 3 types of transporting cells
  • Arteries- away from the heart -Veins - toward the hear Capillaries- intersection
• The heart pumps and has high pressure near it, so the Arteries must have high pressure

Key Artery and Vein Feature, Thickness and Blood flow

• Blood flows out for Arteries so they walls high thick
• The Veins carry the blood and needs little thick so it is low
• High to the pumping of heart vs low

Vessels

• Veines contain a preventer for the blood to not be back slowed which
• Ateries also provides preventator

Recap of Artery and Vessel function and flow

• Arteries (high) provide flow away from the Heart with Oxygenated blood, (excluding Pumonarry)
• Veins (low) provides with deoxigenated (blood towards the heart, (excluding pumonrry vein)
• Capilarries exchange substance

Need for 4 Chamber heart

• Having such heart creates the following
• Prevent flow of blood
• More oxygen

Lymphatic System

• System is designed to keep things moving
• There are 3 components, fluid balance, fat transport and immune system
• There are vessels which are called lymph and nodes that connect to each other like the human body

Lymphatic Function

• It maintains fluiding
• Transports fating
• Immune system fighter

Transportation in Plants

• The process uses Xylem (up) and pholem (down and up), water plus minerals vs food from plants
• The water is from roots and moves food up to parts of cells
• Food from leaves transfer from photosynethis

Xylem and Pholem Differences

• Xylem One direction, dead
• Pholem
• Double Direction, dead

Translocation in Plants

• Translocation transports water via Xylem and Minerals via Pholem

What is Expression?

• Its the process of eliminating waste
• Involves: 2 Kidneys, a urinary bladder and urerates
• Blood moves, filters and pushes waste out

5 point important note points for Function

• Removes material,
• Controls Ions via blood composition
• Regulates Blood Preasure and volume, controls harmones

Diagram for the Kidny, steps in kidney and nephrom

How kidney works using nephrom

• Has nephrom that act likes cleaners
• The globerus the cells and important part

Step1 of Waste removal in Kidny

• Fliteration in Bowman's Capusule is performed, which seperates and removes and pushes things to blood
• All of nitrogy waste is removed

Step 2 of waste removal in Kidney

• Reabsorption, to ensure things come back
• Glucose or other important parts are readded

Step3 of Waste remove Neph

• Tubers helps create a secrection pushing left to blood

Diamlysis

• Dialysis cleans bloods, uses machine