Introduction to Life Processes and Nutrition
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Questions and Answers

What major activity occurs during the night in the human respiratory system?

  • Only photosynthesis occurs
  • Only oxygen is released
  • Only respiration takes place
  • Only carbon dioxide is released (correct)
  • Which of the following correctly describes the order of the human respiratory pathway?

  • External nostrils → Nasal cavity → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli (correct)
  • Bronchi → External nostrils → Nasal cavity → Alveoli
  • Nasal cavity → Bronchi → Trachea → Alveoli
  • Trachea → Bronchioles → Alveoli → External nostrils
  • What ensures that the trachea does not collapse when there is less air in it?

  • Mucous lining
  • Lung elasticity
  • Muscles surrounding the trachea
  • Rings of cartilage (correct)
  • What component of blood constitutes about 55% of its total volume?

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does fibrinogen play in the blood?

    <p>Facilitates blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of respiratory organs aids in the diffusion of respiratory gases?

    <p>Large surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gases do terrestrial animals primarily take from the atmosphere?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ingredient in plasma is responsible for maintaining fluid volume within the vascular space?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the blood?

    <p>Transport of respiratory gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe plasma without clotting factors?

    <p>Serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood is most abundant?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of blood vessels carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

    <p>Pulmonary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of a typical red blood cell?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocyte is primarily responsible for the body's defense system?

    <p>Granulocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the body are platelets formed?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we call the system where blood passes through the heart twice?

    <p>Double circulatory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

    <p>To convert solar energy into chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is part of heterotrophic nutrition?

    <p>Digestion of food by animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the end products of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?

    <p>ATP and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of photosynthesis occurs in the stroma?

    <p>Calvin Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gas is utilized during the photosynthesis process?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that converts carbon dioxide into carbohydrates during photosynthesis?

    <p>Calvin Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the raw materials needed for photosynthesis?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Photosynthesis is classified as which type of biological process?

    <p>Anabolic process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor essential for autotrophic nutrition?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nutrition involves organisms feeding on dead and decaying matter?

    <p>Saprophytic nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which step of holozoic nutrition is food broken down into simpler forms?

    <p>Digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the alimentary canal is responsible for the absorption of nutrients?

    <p>Small Intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ATP in cellular processes?

    <p>Acting as an energy currency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which section of the large intestine is the appendix located?

    <p>Cecum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes endoparasites?

    <p>Parasites that live inside the body of the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of removing undigested food from the body called?

    <p>Egestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the kidney?

    <p>Filtering blood to produce glomerular filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes systemic circulation?

    <p>It carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a sphygmomanometer measure?

    <p>Blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components of urine?

    <p>95% water and 5% wastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorbing vital nutrients?

    <p>Convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by high blood pressure?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH)?

    <p>Promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal blood pressure reading expressed as mm of Hg?

    <p>120/80</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Life Processes

    • Essential functions required for organism survival: metabolism, response to stimuli, growth, and reproduction.

    Nutrition

    • Nutrition Process: Organisms intake food, convert it for energy, and excrete waste.
    • Types of Nutrition:
      • Autotrophic: Self-sufficient for food, e.g., plants and cyanobacteria.
      • Heterotrophic: Dependent on others for food, e.g., animals and fungi.

    Autotrophic Nutrition

    • Photosynthesis:
      • Uses carbon dioxide and water; converts light energy into chemical energy.
      • Chemical Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
      • Light-Dependent Reactions: Occur in Grana, convert light energy into ATP and NADPH.
      • Light-Independent Reactions: Also known as Calvin Cycle, occur in Stroma, utilize ATP and NADPH for carbon fixation.

    Heterotrophic Nutrition

    • Types:
      • Saprophytic: Feeding on decaying matter, e.g., fungi and bacteria.
      • Parasitic: Obtain food from live hosts, includes endoparasites (e.g., tapeworm) and ectoparasites (e.g., lice).
      • Holozoic: Involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion, e.g., in amoeba and humans.

    Human Nutrition

    • Alimentary Canal: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
    • Associated Glands: Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

    Digestion Process

    • In the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum).
    • Involves enzymes that facilitate breaking down food.

    Respiration

    • Nutrients are converted into energy, primarily through the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (ADP + Pi → ATP).

    Gaseous Exchange in Plants and Animals

    • Plants: Diffusion of gases, with daytime focusing on photosynthesis (CO2 intake, oxygen release) and nighttime relying on respiration (CO2 release).
    • Animals:
      • Terrestrial animals inhale atmospheric oxygen.
      • Aquatic animals extract oxygen dissolved in water.

    Human Respiratory System

    • Pathway: External nostrils → nasal cavity → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli.
    • Breathing Mechanism: Involves inhalation and exhalation.

    Circulatory System

    • Comprises the heart, blood, and blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries).
    • Blood is a fluid connective tissue, with plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%).

    Blood Composition

    • Plasma: Pale yellow fluid containing water, proteins, nutrients, and gases.
    • Red Blood Cells: Most abundant cells, contain hemoglobin, lifespan ~120 days.
    • White Blood Cells: Defense role, short-lived.
    • Platelets: Involved in blood clotting.

    Blood Pressure

    • Measured using a sphygmomanometer, with normal levels around 120/80 mmHg.
    • Hypertension: High blood pressure; Hypotension: Low blood pressure.

    Transportation in Plants

    • Achieved via xylem (water transport) and phloem (nutrient transport).

    Excretion

    • Biological removal of metabolic wastes.
    • Human Excretory System: Includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

    Nephron Structure and Function

    • Structural unit of kidneys, responsible for filtering blood and urine formation.
    • Three Steps of Urine Formation: Glomerular filtration, reabsorption, secretion.

    Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

    • Also known as Vasopressin, regulates water retention in the body.

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    Life Processes 2024 Biology PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential functions required for the survival of organisms, including metabolism, response to stimuli, growth, and reproduction. Learn about the two main types of nutrition: autotrophic and heterotrophic, along with their processes such as photosynthesis and various feeding strategies.

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