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Questions and Answers
What major activity occurs during the night in the human respiratory system?
Which of the following correctly describes the order of the human respiratory pathway?
What ensures that the trachea does not collapse when there is less air in it?
What component of blood constitutes about 55% of its total volume?
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What role does fibrinogen play in the blood?
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What feature of respiratory organs aids in the diffusion of respiratory gases?
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Which gases do terrestrial animals primarily take from the atmosphere?
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Which ingredient in plasma is responsible for maintaining fluid volume within the vascular space?
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What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the blood?
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What term is used to describe plasma without clotting factors?
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Which component of blood is most abundant?
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Which of the following types of blood vessels carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?
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What is the lifespan of a typical red blood cell?
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Which type of leukocyte is primarily responsible for the body's defense system?
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In which part of the body are platelets formed?
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What do we call the system where blood passes through the heart twice?
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What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
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Which process is part of heterotrophic nutrition?
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What are the end products of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?
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Which component of photosynthesis occurs in the stroma?
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What gas is utilized during the photosynthesis process?
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What is the process called that converts carbon dioxide into carbohydrates during photosynthesis?
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What are the raw materials needed for photosynthesis?
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Photosynthesis is classified as which type of biological process?
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Which of the following is a factor essential for autotrophic nutrition?
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What type of nutrition involves organisms feeding on dead and decaying matter?
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During which step of holozoic nutrition is food broken down into simpler forms?
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Which part of the alimentary canal is responsible for the absorption of nutrients?
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What is the primary role of ATP in cellular processes?
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In which section of the large intestine is the appendix located?
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Which of the following correctly describes endoparasites?
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What is the process of removing undigested food from the body called?
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What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the kidney?
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Which of the following correctly describes systemic circulation?
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What does a sphygmomanometer measure?
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What are the main components of urine?
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Which part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorbing vital nutrients?
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What condition is characterized by high blood pressure?
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What is the main role of Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH)?
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What is the normal blood pressure reading expressed as mm of Hg?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Life Processes
- Essential functions required for organism survival: metabolism, response to stimuli, growth, and reproduction.
Nutrition
- Nutrition Process: Organisms intake food, convert it for energy, and excrete waste.
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Types of Nutrition:
- Autotrophic: Self-sufficient for food, e.g., plants and cyanobacteria.
- Heterotrophic: Dependent on others for food, e.g., animals and fungi.
Autotrophic Nutrition
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Photosynthesis:
- Uses carbon dioxide and water; converts light energy into chemical energy.
- Chemical Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
- Light-Dependent Reactions: Occur in Grana, convert light energy into ATP and NADPH.
- Light-Independent Reactions: Also known as Calvin Cycle, occur in Stroma, utilize ATP and NADPH for carbon fixation.
Heterotrophic Nutrition
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Types:
- Saprophytic: Feeding on decaying matter, e.g., fungi and bacteria.
- Parasitic: Obtain food from live hosts, includes endoparasites (e.g., tapeworm) and ectoparasites (e.g., lice).
- Holozoic: Involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion, e.g., in amoeba and humans.
Human Nutrition
- Alimentary Canal: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
- Associated Glands: Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
Digestion Process
- In the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum).
- Involves enzymes that facilitate breaking down food.
Respiration
- Nutrients are converted into energy, primarily through the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (ADP + Pi → ATP).
Gaseous Exchange in Plants and Animals
- Plants: Diffusion of gases, with daytime focusing on photosynthesis (CO2 intake, oxygen release) and nighttime relying on respiration (CO2 release).
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Animals:
- Terrestrial animals inhale atmospheric oxygen.
- Aquatic animals extract oxygen dissolved in water.
Human Respiratory System
- Pathway: External nostrils → nasal cavity → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli.
- Breathing Mechanism: Involves inhalation and exhalation.
Circulatory System
- Comprises the heart, blood, and blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries).
- Blood is a fluid connective tissue, with plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%).
Blood Composition
- Plasma: Pale yellow fluid containing water, proteins, nutrients, and gases.
- Red Blood Cells: Most abundant cells, contain hemoglobin, lifespan ~120 days.
- White Blood Cells: Defense role, short-lived.
- Platelets: Involved in blood clotting.
Blood Pressure
- Measured using a sphygmomanometer, with normal levels around 120/80 mmHg.
- Hypertension: High blood pressure; Hypotension: Low blood pressure.
Transportation in Plants
- Achieved via xylem (water transport) and phloem (nutrient transport).
Excretion
- Biological removal of metabolic wastes.
- Human Excretory System: Includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Nephron Structure and Function
- Structural unit of kidneys, responsible for filtering blood and urine formation.
- Three Steps of Urine Formation: Glomerular filtration, reabsorption, secretion.
Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
- Also known as Vasopressin, regulates water retention in the body.
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Description
Explore the essential functions required for the survival of organisms, including metabolism, response to stimuli, growth, and reproduction. Learn about the two main types of nutrition: autotrophic and heterotrophic, along with their processes such as photosynthesis and various feeding strategies.
