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Questions and Answers
What distinguishes relational egalitarianism from luck egalitarianism?
What distinguishes relational egalitarianism from luck egalitarianism?
What is a key criticism of social inequality according to relational egalitarians?
What is a key criticism of social inequality according to relational egalitarians?
How do relational egalitarians justify the preference for one theory of justice over another?
How do relational egalitarians justify the preference for one theory of justice over another?
What paradoxical nature of luck egalitarianism is mentioned in the essay?
What paradoxical nature of luck egalitarianism is mentioned in the essay?
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What do theories of distributive justice generally focus on according to the content?
What do theories of distributive justice generally focus on according to the content?
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What is a key disagreement among philosophers and lawyers regarding corrective justice?
What is a key disagreement among philosophers and lawyers regarding corrective justice?
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Which type of justice guarantees a just outcome by following a specific procedure, according to John Rawls?
Which type of justice guarantees a just outcome by following a specific procedure, according to John Rawls?
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How does John Rawls describe pure procedural justice?
How does John Rawls describe pure procedural justice?
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Why might the justice of procedures not be reduced to the justice of outcomes?
Why might the justice of procedures not be reduced to the justice of outcomes?
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Which of the following illustrates the concept of perfect procedural justice?
Which of the following illustrates the concept of perfect procedural justice?
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What is implied by theories that are purely procedural in form?
What is implied by theories that are purely procedural in form?
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What example does John Rawls use to explain perfect procedural justice?
What example does John Rawls use to explain perfect procedural justice?
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What does the difference principle primarily focus on in terms of social and economic inequalities?
What does the difference principle primarily focus on in terms of social and economic inequalities?
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When applying the difference principle, what should comparisons be based on?
When applying the difference principle, what should comparisons be based on?
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Which statement accurately reflects the nature of claims of justice?
Which statement accurately reflects the nature of claims of justice?
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What does the term 'holistic' or 'systemic' suggest about Rawls' approach to justice?
What does the term 'holistic' or 'systemic' suggest about Rawls' approach to justice?
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What does Rawls suggest about the allocation of individual shares in extreme resource conditions?
What does Rawls suggest about the allocation of individual shares in extreme resource conditions?
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How might the scope of justice differ between universal and contextual principles?
How might the scope of justice differ between universal and contextual principles?
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What question is raised regarding the claims made in the context of justice?
What question is raised regarding the claims made in the context of justice?
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In discussing the possible inclusion of non-human animals within principles of justice, which aspect is considered?
In discussing the possible inclusion of non-human animals within principles of justice, which aspect is considered?
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Which of the following best describes a principle of justice that is relevant only in specific contexts?
Which of the following best describes a principle of justice that is relevant only in specific contexts?
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What is the primary assertion made by Rawls regarding animals and justice?
What is the primary assertion made by Rawls regarding animals and justice?
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Hume's perspective on the relationship between humans and animals suggests what about our duties towards them?
Hume's perspective on the relationship between humans and animals suggests what about our duties towards them?
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Which aspect does Rawls use to justify excluding animals from the concept of justice?
Which aspect does Rawls use to justify excluding animals from the concept of justice?
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Critics of Rawls' view argue that relationships between humans and animals can be cooperative. Which case do they predominantly reference?
Critics of Rawls' view argue that relationships between humans and animals can be cooperative. Which case do they predominantly reference?
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What potential criticism does the principle of cooperative practices face according to the content?
What potential criticism does the principle of cooperative practices face according to the content?
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What reasoning is provided as to why animals might not claim justice from humans?
What reasoning is provided as to why animals might not claim justice from humans?
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According to the content, what does the term 'asymmetries in relationships' refer to?
According to the content, what does the term 'asymmetries in relationships' refer to?
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What philosophical stance is presented against including animals within the scope of justice?
What philosophical stance is presented against including animals within the scope of justice?
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Which feature of human existence is highlighted in the context of justice towards animals?
Which feature of human existence is highlighted in the context of justice towards animals?
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What is a potential consequence of the argument regarding justice that excludes animals?
What is a potential consequence of the argument regarding justice that excludes animals?
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What is meant by justice having a relational character?
What is meant by justice having a relational character?
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Why is the inequality between two individuals, A and B, a concern of justice?
Why is the inequality between two individuals, A and B, a concern of justice?
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What are comparative principles of justice concerned with?
What are comparative principles of justice concerned with?
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Which of the following best describes the implications of relational justice?
Which of the following best describes the implications of relational justice?
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How does justice in its non-comparative guise differ from relational justice?
How does justice in its non-comparative guise differ from relational justice?
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What conclusion can be drawn if there is no agent attributed to inequality?
What conclusion can be drawn if there is no agent attributed to inequality?
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What is the main focus of relational theorists regarding justice?
What is the main focus of relational theorists regarding justice?
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What distinguishes global distributive justice from other forms of justice?
What distinguishes global distributive justice from other forms of justice?
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Which scenario exemplifies a relational principle of justice?
Which scenario exemplifies a relational principle of justice?
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What issue arises from examining global inequalities as mere inequalities?
What issue arises from examining global inequalities as mere inequalities?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Justice
- Justice is a central concept in ethics, legal, and political philosophy.
- It applies to individual actions, laws, and public policies.
- Justice is often considered the most important virtue.
- John Rawls described justice as the first virtue of social institutions.
- Understanding the different forms and contexts of justice is crucial.
Four Core Features Distinguishing Justice
- Justice is distinguished from other moral and political ideas by four core features.
- Conservative vs. Ideal Justice: Some conceptions of justice uphold existing norms, while others advocate for reform.
- Corrective vs. Distributive Justice: Corrective justice addresses wrongdoing, while distributive justice concerns the allocation of goods.
- Procedural vs. Substantive Justice: Procedural justice focuses on the methods of allocation, while substantive justice concerns the fairness of the outcome.
- Comparative vs. Non-comparative Justice: Comparative justice requires considering the claims of others to determine what is due, while non-comparative justice determines the due based solely on the relevant facts of a person's situation
Scope of Justice
- Justice applies to individuals, institutions, and potentially non-human animals.
- Justice applies in relationships and even in the absence of relationships if some agent is responsible.
- The scope of justice may vary depending on the context.
- Justice may apply differently to individuals and institutions.
Justice and Individual Claims
- Justice is concerned with treating individuals fairly, recognizing their claims.
- Conflicts over claims about resources, opportunities, etc. can be resolved through appeal to justice.
- In cases of abundance, justice may not be the primary concern.
- Justice has different significance in personal and professional relationships..
Justice: Charity and Enforceability
- Justice entails obligation and enforceability.
- Obligations of justice can be enforced, unlike charitable actions, which are voluntarily undertaken.
- In some cases of extreme necessity, duties of humanity may override the requirements of justice.
Justice and Impartiality
- Justice demands impartial and consistent application of rules.
- Justice contrasts with arbitrariness.
- Justice is demonstrated through equal treatment of similar scenarios, with laws as an example.
- Justice is necessary for fairness in all institutions and actions.
Justice and Agency
- Justice requires an agent or agents to be responsible for creating or changing circumstances.
- Justice is applicable in situations where there are agents with responsibility and intention.
- Justice is not applicable to circumstances or events that lack an agent.
Conservative vs. Ideal Justice
- Conservative justice upholds existing norms, whereas ideal justice seeks to reform norms and practices.
Corrective vs. Distributive Justice
- Corrective justice involves rectifying wrongs, whereas distributive justice concerns the allocation of goods or resources.
Procedural vs Substantive Justice
- Procedural justice focuses on the process of allocation, while substantive justice concerns the fairness of the outcome..
Comparative vs. Non-comparative Justice
- Comparative justice evaluates a person's due relative to the claims of others, whereas non-comparative justice relies on individual considerations.
- Justice considerations can be either comparative or non-comparative..
Human vs. Non-human Animals
- The traditional view excludes non-human animals from the scope of justice, although this is increasingly being challenged.
- Reasoning against such exclusion involves consideration of relationships and interests.
- Whether or not animals are applicable to justice requires further considerations.
Relational vs. Non-Relational Justice
- Justice can be relational, focusing on relationships between parties, or non-relational, applying universally to all persons..
Individuals vs. Institutions
- Institutions play a role in distributing justice on a large scale, while individuals have their own duties to enact justice.
- Individual actions and institutional policies can both impact and be impacted by considerations of justice.
Recognition vs. Redistribution
- Justice involves recognition and acknowledgment of individuals and groups, and fairness.
- Justice requires valuing distinctive groups.
Utilitarianism and Justice
- Utilitarianism considers maximizing overall well-being as the criterion for justice.
- Utilitarian theories encounter obstacles in accommodating intuitions about justice – focusing on the currency issue, and how it distributes well-being/happiness.
- Criticisms include concerns about individual rights and deservingness, and non-consequential considerations of justice.
Contractarianism and Justice
- Contractarianism examines justice through hypothetical agreements among rational individuals.
- Different versions of contractarianism exist, varying in their assumptions regarding individuals/agents and motivations.
- The emphasis on agreements in contractarian theory can be challenging.
Egalitarianism and Justice
- Egalitarianism prioritizes equality, whether in treatment, outcome, or opportunity.
- Justice is examined as it relates to different kinds of equality.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of justice as presented in ethics, legal, and political philosophy. It emphasizes the distinguishing features of various forms of justice, including corrective, distributive, procedural, and substantive types. Understanding these differences is essential for grasping the role of justice in society.