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Questions and Answers
What is the term used for the scientific study of joints?
What is the term used for the scientific study of joints?
Which type of joint is characterized by bones joined by dense irregular connective tissue without an articular cavity?
Which type of joint is characterized by bones joined by dense irregular connective tissue without an articular cavity?
What type of fibrous joint connects cranial bones with a thin strip of dense irregular connective tissue?
What type of fibrous joint connects cranial bones with a thin strip of dense irregular connective tissue?
What type of joint allows little or no movement and is joined by cartilage?
What type of joint allows little or no movement and is joined by cartilage?
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Which subtype of cartilaginous joint connects bones with hyaline or fibrocartilage?
Which subtype of cartilaginous joint connects bones with hyaline or fibrocartilage?
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What is the specifically structured tissue connecting bones in a gomphosis joint?
What is the specifically structured tissue connecting bones in a gomphosis joint?
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What is the main feature that differentiates synovial joints from fibrous and cartilaginous joints?
What is the main feature that differentiates synovial joints from fibrous and cartilaginous joints?
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Which of the following statements is true about syndesmoses?
Which of the following statements is true about syndesmoses?
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What type of cartilage holds symphyses together?
What type of cartilage holds symphyses together?
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Which component of synovial joints secretes lubricating fluid?
Which component of synovial joints secretes lubricating fluid?
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What is a primary function of synovial fluid?
What is a primary function of synovial fluid?
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Which joint type allows for rotational movement along its longitudinal axis?
Which joint type allows for rotational movement along its longitudinal axis?
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What type of movement increases the angle between articulating bones?
What type of movement increases the angle between articulating bones?
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Which of the following movements refers to the bending of the foot towards the shin?
Which of the following movements refers to the bending of the foot towards the shin?
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What distinguishes synovial joints from other joint types?
What distinguishes synovial joints from other joint types?
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Which type of joint permits gliding movements?
Which type of joint permits gliding movements?
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Which movement is characterized by a bone moving away from the midline?
Which movement is characterized by a bone moving away from the midline?
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What can lead to an increased risk of dislocation in double-jointed individuals?
What can lead to an increased risk of dislocation in double-jointed individuals?
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Which category of synovial joint allows for both flexion and extension as well as abduction and adduction?
Which category of synovial joint allows for both flexion and extension as well as abduction and adduction?
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Bursae serve what primary purpose in synovial joints?
Bursae serve what primary purpose in synovial joints?
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Which type of synovial joint is characterized by rounded surfaces fitting into a ring structure?
Which type of synovial joint is characterized by rounded surfaces fitting into a ring structure?
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What term describes the movement of the thumb to touch the other fingers?
What term describes the movement of the thumb to touch the other fingers?
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Which type of joint permits triaxial movement including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation?
Which type of joint permits triaxial movement including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation?
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What is a characteristic of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
What is a characteristic of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
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Which of the following best describes the movements permitted by the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?
Which of the following best describes the movements permitted by the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?
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What happens to the range of motion in a joint with a loose articular capsule?
What happens to the range of motion in a joint with a loose articular capsule?
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Which joint type is primarily responsible for the bending and straightening of the elbow?
Which joint type is primarily responsible for the bending and straightening of the elbow?
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What is the role of the menisci in the knee joint?
What is the role of the menisci in the knee joint?
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Which type of joint is mainly associated with the coxal (hip) joint?
Which type of joint is mainly associated with the coxal (hip) joint?
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What condition describes the progressive loss of articular cartilage in joints?
What condition describes the progressive loss of articular cartilage in joints?
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What structure in the hip joint prevents displacement of the femoral head?
What structure in the hip joint prevents displacement of the femoral head?
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Which type of ligament provides a strong connection in the elbow joint?
Which type of ligament provides a strong connection in the elbow joint?
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What are sprains primarily caused by?
What are sprains primarily caused by?
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Which joint allows for lateral displacement as a permitted movement?
Which joint allows for lateral displacement as a permitted movement?
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What is the primary function of the bursae in a joint?
What is the primary function of the bursae in a joint?
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What type of joint is the knee categorized as?
What type of joint is the knee categorized as?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Joints
- Joints are known as articulations or arthroses
- Joints are sites of bone contact
- Arthrology is the study of joints
Classification of Joints
- Joints are classified structurally based on two questions:
- Is there an articular cavity between bones?
- What connective tissue joins the bones?
- Fibrous joints are joined by dense irregular connective tissue with no articular cavity.
- Cartilaginous joints lack an articular cavity but are joined by cartilage.
- Synovial joints have an articular cavity.
Fibrous Joints
- Immobile
- Types include:
- Sutures: Connect cranial bones with thin, dense irregular connective tissue; become synarthroses (immovable) in adulthood.
- Syndesmoses: Connected with a thicker band of dense irregular connective tissue called an interosseous ligament/membrane; a gomphosis (tooth-socket joint) is a specialized type.
- Interosseous Membranes: Holds long bones together (example: the distal limbs).
Cartilaginous Joints
- Little or no movement.
- Two subtypes:
- Synchondroses: Connect bones with hyaline or fibrocartilage; epiphyseal cartilage is an example that allows bone growth.
- Symphyses: Joined by fibrocartilage, with articular surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage.
Synovial Joints
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Freely moveable
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Have an articular cavity surrounded by an articular capsule.
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Two layers of the articular capsule:
- Fibrous Layer: Outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue, attached to periosteum, forms ligaments in some joints.
- Synovial membrane: Inner layer of areolar connective tissue that secretes synovial fluid.
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Functions of synovial fluid:
- Nourishes chondrocytes in articular cartilage.
- Contains oxygen and nutrients.
- Contains immune cells.
- Reduces friction between bones.
- Absorbs shock.
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"Double-jointed" people have increased flexibility around the articular capsule and ligaments, putting them at higher risk for dislocations.
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Other components include:
- Accessory Ligaments: Reinforce synovial joints, such as collateral and cruciate ligaments in the knee.
- Articular discs or menisci: Fibrocartilage padding attached to the fibrous capsule that absorbs shock and distributes weight.
- Bursae: Sac-like structures filled with synovial fluid that decrease friction between moving structures.
- Tendon sheaths: Tube-shaped bursae that wrap around tendons experiencing lots of friction.
Movements at Synovial Joints
- Four main categories:
- Gliding: Nearly flat bones sliding back-and-forth or side-to-side, without changing the angle between bones.
- Angular Movements: Increase or decrease angles between articulating bones, including:
- Flexion: Decreases angle between bones.
- Extension: Increases angle between bones.
- Lateral flexion: Decreases angle between bones in the coronal plane.
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline.
- Adduction: Movement towards the midline.
- Circumduction: Movement around a joint in a circle, combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
- Hyperextension: Extension beyond the physiological limit.
- Rotation: Turning a bone along its longitudinal axis.
- Special Movements: Unique movements at specific joints.
- Mandible: Elevation, depression, protraction, and retraction.
- Hands and feet: Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, supination, pronation, and opposition (unique to primates).
Types of Synovial Joints
- Six types:
- Plane joints: Permit gliding movements, biaxial. Examples: intercarpal/tarsal, sternoclavicular, and vertebrocostal joints.
- Hinge joints: Uniaxial movement, allows flexion/extension. Examples: knee, elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal joints.
- Pivot joints: Rounded surface fits into a ring formed by ligaments and another bone for uniaxial movement. Examples: atlanto-axial (head shaking "no") and radioulnar (supination/pronation).
- Condyloid joints (ellipsoidal): Oval-shaped protrusion fits into an oval depression, allowing biaxial movement. Example: radiocarpal (wrist).
- Saddle joints: One bone shaped like a saddle, the other like a rider, for biaxial movement. Example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb and trapezium.
- Ball-and-socket joints: Ball-shaped projection fits into a cup-shaped depression, allowing triaxial movement. Example: shoulder and hip joints.
Special Examples of Joints
- Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ): Only freely moveable joint in the skull, combining hinge and plane movements.
- Articular components: Articular capsule, multiple ligaments, meniscus subdividing the synovial cavity into superior and inferior spaces.
- Movements: Elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, lateral displacement, some rotation.
- Glenohumeral Joint (shoulder): Ball-and-socket joint with a thin, loose articular capsule for great range of motion.
- Articular components include: Ligaments, glenoid labrum, and bursae.
- Movements: Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, medial/lateral rotation, and circumduction.
- Elbow Joint: Hinge joint formed by the humerus, ulna, and radius.
- Articular components: Articular capsule, collateral ligaments, annular ligament, and bursa at the olecranon.
- Movement: Flexion/extension.
- Coxal or Hip Joint: Ball-and-socket joint formed by the acetabulum of the coxal bone and head of the femur.
- Articular components: Thick articular capsule, acetabular labrum, and accessory ligaments.
- Movement: Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, lateral/medial rotation, and circumduction.
- Knee Joint: Modified hinge joint with three joints sharing one synovial cavity.
- Articular components: muscle tendons (replacing an articular capsule), cruciate ligaments, collateral ligaments, menisci, and bursae.
- Movements: Flexion/extension, some rotation.
Joint Diseases and Disorders
- Arthritis:
- Osteoarthritis: Progressive loss of articular cartilage, leading to friction between bones.
- Sprains and Strains:
- Sprains: Forceful stretching or tearing of ligaments without bone dislocation.
- Strains: Partially torn or stretched muscles or tendons.
Summary
- Joints provide contact points between bones.
- Classified structurally and functionally.
- Synovial joints are the only freely moveable joints.
- Joint movements are determined by synovial joint structure.
- Joint diseases and disorders can be treated with PRICE or surgery.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of joints, including their classification and structural characteristics. Dive into the specifics of fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints, and understand the role of arthrology in studying these essential components of the skeleton.
