Introduction to Joints and Their Classification
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Questions and Answers

The scientific study of joints is called __________.

arthrology

What type of connective tissue connects the bones of fibrous joints?

  • Fibrocartilage
  • Dense irregular connective tissue (correct)
  • Elastic cartilage
  • Hyaline cartilage

    • Sutures are classified as synarthroses in adulthood.

    True

    What is a gomphosis?

    <p>A specialized cone-shaped joint between teeth and the mandible or maxilla.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joints allows for little to no movement?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of joints with their characteristics:

    <p>Fibrous joints = Joined by dense irregular connective tissue, no articular cavity Cartilaginous joints = Joined by cartilage, no articular cavity Sutures = Connect cranial bones with thin strips of tissue Gomphosis = Cone-shaped joint between teeth and jawbones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cartilaginous joints include __________ and __________ subtypes.

    <p>synchondroses, symphyses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interosseous membranes?

    <p>To hold the diaphyses of adjacent long bones together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage holds symphyses together?

    <p>Fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synovial fluid acts only as a lubricant without nutritional functions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one function of synovial fluid.

    <p>Nourishes chondrocytes, reduces friction, absorbs shock, or contains immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ capsule surrounds synovial joints and bounds the articular cavity.

    <p>articular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of synovial joint with its characteristic:

    <p>Hinge joint = Permits uniaxial movement, e.g., in elbows Ball-and-socket joint = Allows movement in multiple directions Pivot joint = Permits rotation around a single axis Saddle joint = Allows biaxial movement, e.g., in thumbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two layers of the articular capsule?

    <p>Fibrous layer and synovial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bursae are found only between bones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bursitis?

    <p>Chronic inflammation of bursae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The movement of a bone _____ from a midline is called abduction.

    <p>away</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the synovial joint movement to its description:

    <p>Flexion = Decreases angle between bones Extension = Increases angle between bones Rotation = Turning around a longitudinal axis Circumduction = Movement in a circular path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint type allows for multidirectional movement?

    <p>Ball-and-socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tendon sheaths are tube-shaped bursae that can reduce friction between structures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of condyloid joints?

    <p>They permit biaxial movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ is the movement of the pollex to touch the other fingers.

    <p>Opposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements is an example of hyperextension?

    <p>Lifting the arm behind the back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint permits the greatest mobility?

    <p>Ball-and-socket joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the only freely movable joint in the skull.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the knee classified as?

    <p>modified hinge joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The shoulder joint is a _____ joint that allows for a great range of motion but is less _____ than the hip joint.

    <p>ball-and-socket, stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements are permitted around the knee joint?

    <p>Flexion and extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoarthritis leads to an increase in articular cartilage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one component of the articular structure of the elbow joint.

    <p>collateral ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ joint is formed by the articulation between the femoral head and the acetabulum.

    <p>hip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament in the elbow joint holds the radial head to the radial notch of the ulna?

    <p>Annular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sprains involve the stretching or tearing of muscles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following joints with their primary movement types:

    <p>Shoulder = Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation, circumduction Elbow = Flexion/extension Knee = Flexion/extension Hip = Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation, circumduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of the joint capsule in the shoulder joint?

    <p>Articular capsule, ligaments, glenoid labrum, bursae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ permits a slight rotation, lateral displacement, protraction, and retraction at the TMJ.

    <p>superior synovial cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint provides stability due to its number and arrangement of ligaments?

    <p>Hip joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment strategy encapsulated by the acronym PRICE?

    <p>Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Joints

    • Joints are also known as articulations or arthroses.
    • Joints are sites of contact between bones
    • The scientific study of joints is known as arthrology

    Classification of Joints

    • Joints are classified by their structure.
    • To determine the structural class of a joint, two questions should be asked:
      • Is there an articular cavity between the articulating bones?
      • What type of connective tissue connects the bones of the joint?
    • Dense irregular connective tissue is used to connect bones.

    Fibrous Joints

    • Bones are joined by dense irregular connective tissue in fibrous joints
    • There is no articular cavity in fibrous joins
    • Fibrous joints are generally immobile
    • The three types of fibrous joints are: Sutures, Syndesmoses, and Gomphoses.
      • Sutures connect cranial bones with a thin strip of dense irregular connective tissue
        • In adulthood, sutures become synarthroses.
        • A synostosis is defined as an early fusion of two bones in the skull.
      • Syndesmoses are characterized by a thicker and longer strip of dense irregular connective tissue called an interosseous ligament/membrane.
        • A gomphosis is a cone-shaped joint between teeth and the mandible or maxilla.
      • Interosseous membranes are sheets of dense irregular connective tissue made to connect the diaphyses of adjacent long bones.

    Cartilaginous Joints

    • Bones in cartilaginous joints are joined by cartilage and there is no articular cavity
    • There is little or no movement in these joints
    • The two subtypes of cartilaginous joints are synchondroses and symphyses.
      • Synchondroses connect bones with hyaline or fibrocartilage
        • Epiphyseal cartilages are hyaline cartilage that permits bone growth.
      • Symphyses are held together by fibrocartilage and the bones are covered in hyaline cartilage at the articular surfaces.

    Synovial Joints

    • Synovial joints are distinguished by the presence of an articular cavity between the bones
    • The articular cavity is bounded by the articular capsule and secretes lubricating fluid.
    • Bones in synovial joints are covered in articular cartilages, which are hyaline cartilage and do not bind the bones.
    • Synovial joints are freely moveable.
    • The articular capsule surrounds the synovial joint, bounding the articular cavity.
    • The articular capsule is made of two layers: fibrous and synovial membrane.
      • The fibrous layer (outer) is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and attaches to the periosteum, forming ligaments at some joints.
      • The synovial membrane (inner) is made of areolar connective tissue and secretes synovial fluid.
    • Synovial fluid is viscous, clear or pale yellow and performs the following functions
      • Nourishes chondrocytes of articular cartilage
      • Contains oxygen and nutrients
      • Contains immune cells
      • Reduces friction between bones at joints
      • Absorbs shock
    • People who are "double-jointed" have increased flexibility around the articular capsule and ligaments of joints
      • This increased flexibility puts them at higher risk for dislocation.
    • Synovial joints may also have the following components:
      • Accessory ligaments provide extra reinforcement for synovial joints.
      • Articular discs or menisci are fibrocartilage padding attached to the inside surface of the fibrous capsule and absorb shock and distribute weight more evenly.

    Bursae

    • Bursae are similar in structure to articular capsules
    • Bursae reduce friction between frequently contacted surfaces
      • Bursae are found between bones and soft tissue, tendons, and ligaments.
    • Bursitis is chronic inflammation of bursae.
    • Tendon sheaths are tube-shaped bursae that wrap around tendons that experience a lot of friction.

    Movements

    • Synovial joints are the only freely movable joints
    • The four main categories of movement are: Gliding, Angular Movements, Rotation, and Special Movements
      • Gliding involves nearly flat bones sliding back-and-forth and side-to-side with no change in angle between the articulating bones.
      • Angular movements increase or decrease the angle between articulating bones.
        • Flexion decreases the angle between joined bones.
        • Extension increases the angle between joined bones. -Lateral flexion decreases the angle between bones in the coronal plane.
        • Abduction moves a bone away from a midline.
        • Adduction moves a bone towards a midline.
        • Circumduction moves the distal part of a limb in a circle and combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
        • Hyperextension extends a joint over the physiological limit.
      • Rotation is the turning of a bone along its longitudinal axis.
      • Special movements are unique to specific joints.
        • The mandible can be elevated, depressed, protracted, or retracted.
        • The hands and feet can perform dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, supination, and pronation.
        • Opposition is the movement of the pollex that allows it to touch the other fingers.

    Types of Synovial Joints

    • There are six types of synovial joints:
      • Plane joints permit gliding and movements are biaxial.
      • Hinge joints permit uniaxial movement: flexion/extension
      • Pivot joints are characterized by a rounded surface of bone fitted into a ring made by a ligament + other bone.
      • Condyloid joints, or ellipsoidal joints, allow biaxial movement
      • Saddle joints allow biaxial movement.
      • Ball-and-socket joints permit triaxial movements.

    Special Examples of Joints

    • The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the only freely movable joint in the skull.
      • It is a combination hinge and plane joint.
      • The condylar process of the mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone.
      • The TMJ is stabilized by multiple ligaments and the articular capsule.
      • A meniscus subdivides the synovial cavity into superior and inferior compartments.
        • The superior compartment permits slight rotation, lateral displacement, and protraction/retraction.
        • The inferior component permits depression/elevation.
        • The TMJ allows for depression/elevation, protraction/retraction, and lateral displacement.

    Glenohumeral Joint

    • The glenohumeral joint (shoulder) is a ball-and-socket joint.
      • It is reinforced by many ligaments.
      • The glenoid labrum is a fibrocartilage lip that increases the surface area of the glenoid cavity in contact with the humeral head.
      • Four bursae help to absorb shock and reduce friction.
    • The glenohumeral joint allows for flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, medial/lateral rotation, and circumduction.

    Elbow Joint

    • The elbow joint is made between the humerus, ulna, and radius.
    • The elbow joint has an articular capsule and accessory ligaments called collateral ligaments.
    • The annular ligament holds the radial head to the radial notch of the ulna.
    • The elbow joint has a bursa at the olecranon.
    • The elbow joint is a hinge joint that permits flexion/extension.

    Coxal Joint

    • The coxal (hip) joint is a ball-and-socket joint formed between the acetabulum of the coxal bone and the head of the femur.
    • The coxal joint is very stable due to the number and arrangement of ligaments and the specific fit of the femoral head in the acetabulum.
    • The coxal joint is made up of a thick articular capsule, the acetabular labrum, and accessory ligaments.
    • The coxal joint allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral/medial rotation, and circumduction.

    Knee Joint

    • The knee joint is a modified hinge joint.
    • It has three joints that share a single synovial cavity.
      • Lateral joint between femur and tibia
      • Medial joint between femur and tibia
      • Anterior patellofemoral joint (a plane joint)
    • The knee joint lacks a single identifiable articular capsule and instead, the collection of muscle tendons serves a similar function.
    • Accessory ligaments, such as the cruciate ligaments and collateral ligaments, are found in the knee joint.
    • The medial and lateral menisci also play an important role in the knee joint.
    • The knee joint has several bursae as well. -The infrapatellar bursa sits between the tibia and the patellar ligament.
    • The knee joint allows for flexion, extension, and some rotation.

    Joint Diseases and Disorders

    • Arthritis is the progressive loss of articular cartilage, which results in increased friction between articulating bones.
      • May require surgery.
    • Sprains are forceful stretching or tearing of ligaments without a bone dislocation and may require surgery.
    • Strains are partially torn or stretched muscle or tendon, which are treated with PRICE (protection, rest, ice, compression, and elevation).

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the fundamentals of joints, known as articulations or arthroses, and their classification based on structure. Explore types of joints, particularly fibrous joints, and learn about the connective tissues that bind them. Test your understanding of key concepts in arthrology.

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