Introduction to IP-MPLS

MPLS reduces overhead by allowing routers to forward packets based on short path labels instead of performing complex IP lookups.

MPLS encapsulates different protocols into packets, which allows it to function as a multiprotocol routing technique.

MPLS operates between the data link layer and the network layer, functioning as a Layer 2.5 protocol.

<p>MPLS is specified by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and provides efficient forwarding, routing, and switching of traffic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three technologies are IP-MPLS, MPLS-TP, and Carrier Ethernet; IP-MPLS has been chosen for Indian Railways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MPLS was designed to overcome the limitations of IP-based forwarding and reduce overhead in routing decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MPLS makes forwarding decisions solely based on the packet's label without examining the packet content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IP-MPLS supports core, aggregation, and access network requirements and can work on a common NMS for OAM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The control plane is responsible for routing information exchange and label distribution between adjacent devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The data plane forwards packets based on destination IP addresses or labels using the Label Forwarding Information Base (LFIB).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LDP establishes label to destination network mappings and uses the routing topology to create Label Switching Paths (LSP).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ingress edge LSR processes the packet to determine its layer-3 service requirements and applies a label to the packet header.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The LSR replaces the current label with a new one from its table and forwards the packet to the next hop.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They automatically build routing tables by participating in interior gateway protocols like OSPF or IS-IS throughout the network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The egress edge router strips the label from the packet, reads the packet header, and forwards it to its final destination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LSPs are pre-configured paths that packets follow through the network based on label mappings established by LDP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary goal of MPLS-TE is to balance traffic load across various links, routers, and switches in the network to reduce congestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MPLS-TE establishes a Label Switched Path (LSP) to carry traffic along an explicit path, which may differ from the normal destination-based routing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MPLS allows VoIP traffic to take less optimal but less congested routes, thus avoiding packet loss while maintaining high link utilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>QoS refers to mechanisms that enable network managers to control bandwidth, delay, jitter, and packet loss to meet specific traffic demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IP precedence information can be copied as Class of Service (CoS) bits or mapped to set the appropriate MPLS CoS value in the MPLS label.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IP QoS is based on the IP precedence field in the IP header, while MPLS QoS is based on the CoS bits in the MPLS label.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MPLS CoS information is used to provide differentiated services and enable end-to-end IP QoS across the network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MPLS enhances the efficiency of carrying IP Traffic by explicitly controlling routes to avoid congestion and optimize link usage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Forwarding Information Base (FIB) is a table created by label switch-capable devices that indicates how to forward frames based on specific label values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Label Switched Path (LSP) is a unidirectional tunnel established between a pair of routers across an MPLS network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary function of a Label Edge Router (LER) is to encapsulate packets inside an MPLS LSP and perform the initial path selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Label Switched Router (LSR) performs MPLS switching in the middle of an LSP, while a Label Edge Router (LER) manages the initial encapsulation and path selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Egress Router is the final router in an LSP that removes the label from the packet before it is sent to its destination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Label switched means that an LSR makes forwarding decisions based on the presence of a label in the packet's frame.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC) is a group of IP packets that are forwarded together, sharing the same destination, path, and class of service.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MPLS enables quick and cost-effective deployment of VPNs of all sizes over the same infrastructure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MPLS provides a highly scalable mechanism that allows for efficient engineering and maintenance of networks for bandwidth optimization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MPLS simplifies WAN routing for service providers, thus reducing the need for extensive staff involvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MPLS includes QoS options that prioritize latency-sensitive traffic such as VoIP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MPLS allows for adding new remote connections without the need for additional hardware at the primary site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MPLS services come with deliverable SLAs that include delivery guarantees, unlike typical consumer broadband.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MPLS provides an alternative network, which helps to improve overall network uptime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MPLS allows the use of alternative paths to avoid high traffic congestion, thus reducing overall network congestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One disadvantage is the lack of total control over the network, as configuration must be coordinated with the service provider.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MPLS can be more expensive than Ethernet but is generally less costly than T1 lines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Division serves as the basic operational unit, coordinating and monitoring activities across various departments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most circuits originate from the Divisional HQ and terminate at stations within the Division, adjacent divisional HQs, Zonal HQ, and the internet gateway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Services such as UTS/FOIS are centralized across the zone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locating servers at Divisional HQs addresses latency and response time issues while optimizing bandwidth utilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All future replacements of SDH must only be done with MPLS equipment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Applications like VOIP, MS Office, and Video Analytics are controlled within the Division to support operational activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers