Introduction to IoT

Introduction to IoT

• Over 9 billion devices are currently connected to the internet.
• 20 billion devices are projected to be connected to the internet in the near future.
• The internet of things (IoT) connects devices, machines, and tools to the internet via wireless technologies.

Origin of the Terminology

• The term "Internet of Things" was introduced in 2005 by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in their report titled, "The Internet of Things."
• The report identified the concept of M2M (Machine-to-Machine) connectivity networks, where common household devices could connect to the internet.
• The report identified RFID, nanotechnology, sensors, and smart networks as IoT enablers.

Alternate Definition

• Gartner Research defines the internet of things as a network of physical objects embedded with technology that allows them to communicate and sense internal states or external environments.

Characteristics

• IoT architecture features an efficient, scalable, and associated design.
• IoT devices utilize unambiguous naming and addressing protocols.
• Abundant sleeping nodes, mobile devices, and non-IP devices are included in IoT networks.
• Intermittent connectivity is a characteristic of IoT networks.

IoT Market Share

• Intel data shows substantial IoT market penetration across various industries.

Areas of IoT Implementation

• Business/Manufacturing: Real-time supply chain and equipment analytics, robotic machinery.
• Healthcare: Portable health monitoring, electronic recordkeeping, pharmaceutical safeguards.
• Retail: Inventory tracking, smartphone purchasing, anonymous consumer choice analytics.
• Security: Biometric and facial recognition locks, remote sensors.

Evolution of Connected Devices

• The first ATMs were connected to the internet in 1974.
• The World Wide Web emerged in 1991.
• Smart meters, which communicate remotely with the grid, began being installed in the early 2000s.
• Digital locks that allow smartphones to remotely unlock doors and change access codes are available.
• Smart healthcare devices connect patients to hospitals, doctors, and relatives for emergency alerts.
• Smart vehicles diagnose themselves and alert owners of system failures.
• Smart cities utilize connected infrastructure for unified operations and information dissemination.
• Smart dust, computer systems smaller than a grain of sand, can be used for various measurements and diagnoses.

Current IoT Applications

• Smart parking, river floods, structural health, smart grids, noise urban maps, smartphone detection, traffic congestion, smart lighting, waste management, smart roads, tank level, photovoltaic installations, water flow, silos stock calculation, perimeter access control, liquid presence, forest fire detection, air pollution, snow level monitoring, landslide & avalanche prevention, earthquake early detection, water leakages, radiation levels, explosive & hazardous gases, supply chain control, NFC payment, intelligent shopping applications, and smart product management.

IoT Growth Expectations

• The IoT is expected to include trillions of sensors, billions of smart systems, and millions of applications.

IoT Enablers

• IoT networks leverage technologies like Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication, Cyber-Physical-Systems (CPS), and the Web-of-Things (WoT).

Connectivity Layers

• IoT networks use various connectivity layer technologies, including 3G, 4G, 5G, Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN), and satellite networks.

Baseline Technologies

• M2M communication, CPS, and WoT are closely related and influential technologies for IoT development.

IoT vs. M2M

• M2M refers to communication and interactions between machines and devices.
• M2M interactions can occur via a cloud computing infrastructure.
• M2M focuses on device management and data collection.
• M2M was introduced by telecommunications service providers, emphasizing interactions through telcom networks.
• M2M is a subset of IoT with standards playing a significant role within the IoT landscape.

IoT vs. WoT

• WoT allows developers to access and control IoT resources and applications using web technologies.
• WoT development utilizes RESTful principles and REST APIs.
• Building a global WoT presents challenges in scalability, security, and other areas.
• WoT integrates IoT networks with the web, while IoT focuses on broader networking.
• WoT can be considered an application layer on top of the IoT network layer.
• IoT includes systems and applications not accessible through the web, such as conventional wireless sensor networks and radio-frequency identification (RFID) systems.

Terminological Interdependence

• M2M, CPS, and WoT are key concepts contributing to the overall development and application of the IoT.

• IoT, M2M, CPS, and WoT play distinct yet interconnected roles in the evolution of connected devices and the broader digital landscape.

Explore the Internet of Things (IoT) and its significance in modern technology. This quiz covers the basics of IoT, its terminology, and the key characteristics that enable device connectivity. Understand how devices communicate and the role of various technologies in creating a smart network.