Introduction to IOT

• This lecture is an introduction IOT
• The lecture will cover sensors, network protocols, real time operating systems, embedded systems, and cloud computing
• The grading system will involve a mid exam, projects, lab assignments, and a final exam
• Class rules include being on time, listening to instructions, talking to classmates only when there is an activity, using appropriate language, and keeping devices silent

IOT Definition

• In 2005, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) formally recognized the term Internet of Things.
• The ITU defines IOT as smart objects connecting to the Internet and communicating with each other with minimal human intervention.
• These objects connect via a gateway to an IoT platform that collects data from sensors, controllers, and other devices.
• IOT consists of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals, or people provided with unique identifiers (UIDs).
• It allows data transfer over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

Layer of IOT

• Sense & Connect Layer involves edge computer, connectivity, sensors, and actuators
• Platform Layer involves storage, analytics, cloud processing, and security
• End-User Layer involves applications

Tools and Goals of IOT

• IOT builds a more connected world by integrating automated systems, connected devices, internet protocols, and information sensing equipment.
• The goal is to share information to achieve monitoring, recognition, positioning, administration, and tracking.
• IOT involves a digital connection of devices and objects embedded with the internet, sensors, and intelligence for establishing communication.
• The term IOT refers to the collective network of connected devices and the technology that facilitates communication between devices, the cloud, and the devices themselves.
• IOT describes devices with sensors, processing abilities, software, and other technologies that connect and exchange data with devices and systems over the internet.
• An IOT system collects data, collates and transfers data to an IOT hub or gateway, and then analyzes data for use in user interfaces, business applications, and back-end systems

History of IOT

• Later, In 1990, John Romkey connected a toaster to the internet. University of Cambridge students used a web camera to monitor coffee.
• In 1999, Kevin Ashton founded the term Internet of Things during a presentation for Procter & Gamble while managing its supply chain
• In 2011, Cisco announced that the IoT "born" around 2008 and 2009 when more machines or objects were linked to the web than there were people.
• Originally meant for business and industrial development as machine-to-machine (M2M), but the focus shifted to smart devices in homes and workplaces.
• In early 2021, 18.5 billion IOT devices are installed all over the world and expected to be 40 billion by the end of 2030.
• A Coca-Cola machine at Carnegie Mellon University was the first internet-connected device in the early 1980s

Characteristics of IOT

• IOT provides thing-related services such as privacy protection, semantic consistency between physical and associated virtual things
• Things in IOT must be connected to the infrastructure for connection to make sense.
• Extraction of generated data from sensors is important to properly interpret data.
• IOT infrastructure must be able to handle massive expansion as more things connect.
• Every IOT device has an IP address for tracking and status queries.
• IOT devices are heterogeneous and based on different hardware platforms and networks that can interact with different networks.
• The IOT device must dynamically adapt to changing contexts and different light situations
• All things connected to the Internet presents a threat as private data can be tampered with, demanding safety measures

Features of things include

• Connectivity via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, LoRa, 5G, MQTT, and CoAP.
• Cloud integration that allows real-time data access and remote control
• Equipped with temperature, humidity, motion, light, and pressure sensors.
• Sensors gather real-time environmental data.
• Devices use edge computing or cloud AI for processing.
• Microcontrollers like ESP32 and Raspberry Pi execute tasks locally.
• Automation involves automated decision-making based on sensor inputs.
• Actuators trigger actions such as turning on lights and opening doors.
• Supports millions of interconnected devices.
• Cloud-based solutions enable easy expansion.
• Uses encryption, authentication, and secure protocols like TLS and HTTPS.
• IOT protects against hacking, unauthorized access, and data breaches.
• It is optimized for low-power consumption, using energy-efficient protocols like LoRaWAN and Zigbee.
• IOT ensures cross-platform compatibility (Alexa, Google Home, Apple HomeKit) by using standardized frameworks that enable seamless communication.
• Can enable instant tracking, alerts, and analytics.
• Critical for healthcare, industrial monitoring, and smart cities with cloud storing and analyzing the data.
• Edge computing reduces latency by processing data closer to the device.
• IoT devices are defined by their connectivity, intelligence, automation, security, and efficiency which enable smart applications in healthcare, smart homes, industry, and agriculture

Real-World Applications

• Smart homes and cities use automated lighting and security
• Wearables allow fitness tracking
• Industrial IOT enables manufacturing automation

Wireless Standards

• Short range wireless standards (less than 10m/30ft) include Bluetooth and ANT+
• Local area networks (less than 100m/300ft) include Wi-Fi, Zigbee and Thread
• Wide area networks (outdoor Km/Miles) include LTE, 5G, and NB-IOT

CHIP

• To improve interoperability and reduce consumer complexity.
• Industry leaders like Amazon, Apple, Google, and Samsung support the Connected Home over IP (CHIP) standard.
• CHIP simplifies IOT devices for consumers while unifying the protocol landscape.
• The goal is to provide plug-and-play consumer IOT devices for connected homes
• CHIP will deliver a layer over the Internet Protocol (IP) which includes predefined schemes for all CHIP-connected devices so the devices understand what kind of objects they're communicating with and what those objects can do.
• CHIP allows the convergence of IOT elements like Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Bluetooth, and Bluetooth with low energy.

The IoT Ecosystem involves

• Users, groups and communities
• Cloud, energy, and application software
• Sensing gyroscope, temperature, and pressure
• Users utilize devices and sensors that gather input
• IOT uses communication networks for connectivity via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks, and satellite communications
• Cloud computing stores context and analytics, to process and analyze the data to extract meaningful insights.
• These applications can be designed for specific use cases such as smart home automation, healthcare monitoring, or industrial automation.
• Sending IOT data to the cloud for processing doesn't make sense, because the cloud has downsides, such as communication latency.
• The cloud might be unavailable, or a faster processing turnaround time is required