Introduction to IoT

Introduction to IoT

• In the future, it is expected that many everyday objects and devices will be connected to the internet, enabling them to communicate with each other
• Currently, internet-based services rely on the connection of various computers and computing devices through the internet
• The concept of the IoT will extend the scope of the internet beyond computers and devices to include physical objects commonly found around us.
• These objects include lighting systems, fans, air conditioners, toothbrushes, and microwaves, both in homes and businesses
• Realization of the IOT vision faces many difficulties

Need for IoT

• IoT technology enables the delivery of advanced services
• Various entities like chairs, tables, and lighting systems will operate as embedded systems within the framework of the IoT
• Specifically, the embedded systems will facilitate connectivity with other devices, tailored to meet the demands of specific applications and business objectives
• This will create a much larger internet than what exists today
• IOT is a building block for smart homes and smart cities
• Internet technology will expand beyond the connection of simple computers to include different machines and tools
• Wireless technologies like Wi-Fi, cellular technology, Bluetooth, and Zigbee will be utilized
• The number of these specific nodes, each associated with a different object or thing in the physical world, will be enormous, far exceeding the number of computers available
• It’s anticipated that the number of things connected to the internet will surpass 20 billion soon

Creation of IoT

• IoT can be materialized in two ways
  • Extending the scope of the existing internet to connect various objects
  • The alternative approach involves creating a separate internet specifically for physical objects from scratch
• Both approaches have their own challenges
• The Internet of Things involves the integration of different technologies
• Physical devices may come in different types, configurations, and features
• Support is provided through cloud technology
• Electrical and mechanical sciences are amalgamated to create IoT

IoT - A New Era

• A new age of pervasiveness will be witnessed
• There will be connectivity or connectivity-related services available anywhere, at any time
• The number of devices connected to the Internet of Things will outnumber the human population
• This will lead to a massive amount of data being transmitted
• The new Internet of Things network is expected to be extensive, intricate, and complex
• Course lectures will discuss ways to manage the challenges with IoT

Enabling Technologies for IoT

• Various enabling technologies are essential for the Internet of Things
• RFID-based devices are needed
• Sensors are the most important enabling technology for creating the Internet of Things
• Different networking equipment, connectivity and communication paradigms are needed to create RFID
• Nanotechnology is generating interest in creating nano-sized devices for various purposes, such as nano-capsules that can be consumed and emit information after performing their function

Core Functionalities of IoT Systems

• Most physical objects within the Internet of Things have embedded electronics that facilitate communication, understanding, and interaction with internal conditions or external environments
• In IoT systems, scalability is a crucial factor due to the large number of devices, which can reach billions or trillions
• Although the quantity of sensors and sensing devices increases, the overall network performance must not be compromised
• An ambiguous addressing architecture is necessary
• Addressing is a big issue with IPV4 since there are so many devices
• Each node has minimal power, so they must be set to ideal mode when not in use
• Mobility of these devices is a very important issue
• The intermittent connectivity is a vital part of the IoT

Application Domains of IoT

• IoT is attractive in different application domains such as manufacturing and business, healthcare, retail, and security:
• It is estimated that the majority of market share with IoT goes into manufacturing in the commercial sector, approximately 40.2%.
• Telemedicine is used for healthcare monitoring
• Efficiency can be improved in different tasks by smartphone shopping, inventory tracking, customers choices in Retail

Evolution of Device Connectivity

• This involves the individual cash machines ATM through the internet

• Smart picker meters followed after this

• The smart meters could be programmed so the customer could use service provided electricity

• Digital locks are now very popular

• Smart Healthcare connected vehicles are very popular

• People globally are talking about smart cities

• In modern day IoT includes smart parking, monitoring of structural health, and entry control of numerous liquid hazardous substances### Key Concepts in IoT

• Cyber-physical systems (CPS), the Internet of Things (IoT), and the Web of Things are related concepts in modern technology.

Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communication

• M2M involves communication between two machines or devices using technologies like cloud and the internet.
• M2M is a subset of IoT, focusing specifically on machine-to-machine interactions.
• In M2M communication, two machines can communicate without human intervention.

Internet of Things (IoT)

• IoT encompasses a broader scope than M2M, including not only machine-to-machine communication but also interactions between:
  • Machines and things
  • Things and people
  • Things and applications
  • Applications and people

Web of Things

• The Web of Things is often confused with IoT but emphasizes the use of web-based technologies such as HTML5, JavaScript, AJAX, and PHP.
• The Web of Things aims to make IoT more smart and web-accessible.

Internet of People (IoP)

• The Internet of People (IoP) focuses on people-centric applications within the IoT framework, shifting the focus from IoT to IoP.

Applications of IoT

• Smart factories utilize robots and virtual reality, reflecting the principles of Industry 4.0 to improve modernization and efficiency.
• The Internet of Environment represents another application area for IoT technologies.

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)

• CPS are autonomous systems that can operate independently and can be integrated into the IoT ecosystem.
• Different CPS systems can be interconnected within the internet, enhancing overall functionality.

Smart Homes as an Example

• In smart homes, various systems (e.g., lighting, cooling) can communicate directly with each other.
• For example, a lighting system can communicate with a cooling system, and a cooling system can communicate with fans.
• Communication can also occur between devices and mobile phones, enabling remote control without direct human intervention.

Concluding Remarks

• The lecture provided an overview of the Internet of Things, its motivations, various application areas, key challenges, and future visions.