Introduction to Information Technology

• Information Technology (IT) uses computers for storing, retrieving, transmitting, and manipulating data
• IT usually functions in business operations, not personal or entertainment contexts
• IT falls under information and communications technology (ICT)
• An information technology system (IT system) is typically an information or communications system
• It can manifest as computer systems with hardware, software, and peripherals
• IT users operate these systems
• Since 3000 BC, humans have managed information, starting with the Sumerians' writing in Mesopotamia
• IT became distinct in the mid-20th century due to computers
• The Electronic Computing-Tabulating Recording Co. (CTR), founded in 1911, later became IBM
• WWII stimulated IT growth through computer development like the ENIAC
• Modern IT involves computer systems, networks, data management, cybersecurity, and IT support
• IT professionals install applications and design networks/databases
• IT streamlines business processes, enhances decision-making, and boosts customer service

Categories

• IT has several key areas
• Hardware: IT systems' physical components like computers, servers, and networking devices
• Software: Programs and applications running on hardware
• Networks: Communication and resource sharing between devices
• Data Management: Efficient organization, storage, and data retrieval
• Cybersecurity: Protection of IT systems/data from unauthorized access and threats
• IT support ensures effective system operations
• IT is divisible by use cases like business, healthcare, education, and entertainment

Hardware

• Hardware is the IT system's physical components
• Computers: Process data using instructions
• Servers: Robust computers providing resources to network devices
• Networking devices: Manage network traffic and security (routers, switches, firewalls)
• Storage devices: Store data (hard drives, solid-state drives (SSDs) and other media)
• Peripheral devices: Input (keyboards, mice) and output (monitors, printers)
• Mobile devices: Smartphones and tablets

Software

• Software includes programs and applications running on hardware
• Operating systems: Handle hardware resources, and offer a software platform
• Application software: Programs for specific tasks (word processors, web browsers)
• System software: Utilities that support the operating system and manage hardware
• Programming languages: Tools for application creation
• Firmware: Software embedded in hardware

Networks

• Networks support communication and sharing between devices
• Local area networks (LANs): Connect devices in a limited area like an office or home
• Wide area networks (WANs): Connect devices across a large geographic area like the internet
• Wireless networks: Connect devices via radio waves, no cables needed
• Network protocols: Communication rules for devices (e.g., TCP/IP)
• Network security: Protects networks from unauthorized access and threats

Data management

• Data management facilitates efficient data organization, storage, and retrieval
• Databases: Structured collections of data for efficient access/management
• Database management systems (DBMS): Software for database creation, access, and management
• Data warehousing: Centralized data storage for analysis & reporting
• Data mining: Extracts patterns/insights from large datasets
• Big data: Extremely large, complex datasets needing specialized processing

Cybersecurity

• Cybersecurity secures IT systems and data from unauthorized access/threats
• Firewalls: Prevent unauthorized network/system access
• Intrusion detection systems (IDS): Monitor networks for suspicious activity
• Antivirus software: Finds and removes malware
• Encryption: Secures data by converting it to an unreadable format
• Security policies: Rules/procedures protecting IT assets

IT support

• IT support helps systems operate effectively and assists users
• Help desks: Provide technical support to users
• System administration: Manages and maintains IT systems
• Network administration: Manages and maintains network infrastructure
• Training and documentation: Equips users with necessary knowledge and skills

Role of IT in business

• Automation: Automates repetitive tasks for efficiency/cost reduction
• Communication: Enables communication/collaboration between employees, customers & partners
• Data analysis: Gathers and analyzes data for better insights/decisions
• Customer service: Improves customer service via online channels/self-service tools
• E-commerce: Facilitates online sales and transactions

Trends in IT

• Cloud computing: Provides IT services over the internet
• Artificial intelligence (AI): Creates intelligent systems that perform human tasks
• Internet of Things (IoT): Connects devices to the internet
• Blockchain: Secures and verifies transactions using distributed ledger technology
• Cybersecurity: Protects IT systems/data from increasingly sophisticated threats

Impact of IT on society

• Economic growth: Boosts growth by creating new industries and jobs
• Social change: Transforms communication, work, and learning methods
• Access to information: Increases access to information and knowledge
• Education: Improves education through online learning/educational resources
• Healthcare: Enhances healthcare via telemedicine/electronic health records

Skills for IT professionals

• Technical skills: Knowledge of hardware, software, networking, and security
• Analytical skills: Ability to analyze data and solve problems
• Communication skills: Ability to communicate effectively with technical and non-technical audiences
• Project management skills: Ability to manage projects and meet deadlines
• Adaptability: Ability to adapt to new technologies and changing business needs