Introduction to Information Security

Understanding key terminologies in computer security and learning cryptographic techniques for authentication.

It marked the beginning of computer networking, paving the way for the internet.

Privacy is individual-centric, governing personal information release, while security is system-centric, aiming to protect user data.

<p>Unauthorized information release, unauthorized modification, and unauthorized denial of use (DoS).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The negative goal focuses on preventing all violations, while the positive goal aims to ensure practical, reliable safeguards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saltzer's insights address foundational issues in information security that remain relevant today.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An unprotected system has no meaningful protection mechanisms in place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first email was intended as a useful communication tool.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a binary choice of complete access or no access at all.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Level 2 enables selective sharing based on access lists, allowing for controlled interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows users to assign different access rights to files based on ownership and groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It uses user-defined strings or tags to restrict access based on security classifications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It emphasizes that security mechanisms should be simple and minimal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure that access is denied by default, requiring explicit permissions for access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires that every access to a resource be checked for authorization without exception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures security does not depend on secrecy of the design, allowing for public scrutiny.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It aims to reduce the risk by requiring multiple conditions for access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures users and programs operate with the minimum privileges required.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It minimizes shared mechanisms to reduce risks if one mechanism has a flaw.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures that security measures are easy to understand and use for users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They focus on positive security goals and are still relevant to modern systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Design systems to make breaking security protections computationally infeasible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detection is emphasized as a more practical approach than attempting to prevent every possible attack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enable students to securely access their personal files from any workstation on the campus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Virtue' refers to the client workstations, while 'vice' refers to the centralized server environment where user files are stored.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encryption was necessary to secure data transmission and prevent eavesdropping over the insecure local area network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Venus process authenticates users and manages local file caching on client workstations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AFS allowed for seamless access to personal content across different devices, similar to how cloud services function today.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assuming that LANs were untrusted led to the implementation of robust security measures to protect user data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RPC allows the Venus process to request files from vice servers, enabling efficient communication within the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The client workstations ran a variant of the Unix operating system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It securely authenticates users and encrypts data transmitted between clients and servers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Private key cryptosystems use symmetric keys while public key cryptosystems use asymmetric keys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stores frequently accessed files on local disks, reducing network load and improving access speed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows users to access their files from any location without needing manual file transfers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Private key systems require complex secure key distribution, whereas public key systems allow for simplified distribution as the public key is openly shared.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AFS demonstrated secure authentication and the feasibility of distributed file systems over insecure networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Private key systems face scalability issues due to the challenges of distributing a unique key to multiple participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sender's identity is sent in cleartext to allow the recipient to determine which key to use for decryption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The key distribution problem makes it difficult to securely share private keys among many users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows anyone to encrypt messages using the receiver's public key without needing to share private keys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A major challenge is the secure exchange and management of private keys between communicating parties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Public key systems address the key distribution problem by separating encryption and decryption keys, enabling secure communication without prior key exchanges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mathematical function that is easy to compute in one direction but hard to reverse without the private key.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In private key systems, both parties use the same key; in public key systems, the sender uses the receiver's public key for encryption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Replay attacks involve capturing and resending packets, tricking the sender or receiver if the system fails to detect such actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It emphasizes that while the encryption algorithm may be public knowledge, the security relies on keeping the key confidential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secure RPC allows for encrypted communication, ensuring confidentiality and integrity while manageable key distribution is possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mathematical relationships between the keys are designed to make reversing the process without the private key extremely difficult.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overuse increases the likelihood of key exposure and vulnerability to attacks, leading to potential security breaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows users to immediately access their personal files on any workstation without delays.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that encryption algorithms can be openly published and scrutinized, reinforcing that security relies on protecting keys, not the algorithms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The early adoption of private key cryptography significantly improved security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to the design of encryption methods that make it impractical to break the encryption without the appropriate key.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Private key cryptosystems (symmetric) and public key cryptosystems (asymmetric).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>User isolation ensures that each user's data and actions remain protected from unintended or malicious interference by others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scalability is impacted by the difficulty of securely distributing unique keys to each participant as user numbers increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Processes like Venus verify user identities, ensuring secure communication with servers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Public key systems are favored because they simplify secure key sharing, making secure communication feasible in open networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its architecture and principles have greatly influenced the design of current cloud computing infrastructures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutual authentication ensures that both the client and server verify each other's identities, establishing trust before any communication occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fresh random numbers and their increments ensure that old messages cannot be reused by attackers, as each message is unique due to this variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The HKC is used solely for the initial authentication and establishing secure RPC sessions, limiting its exposure in ongoing operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generating a unique SK for each session enhances security by ensuring that the compromise of one session key does not affect others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sequence numbers ensure that messages are processed in a defined order and are unique, which protects against replay attacks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimizing credential exposure is crucial to reduce the risk of interception and misuse by attackers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transitioning to SK for file system operations reduces the frequency and exposure of HKC during communications, limiting potential vulnerabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secure session establishment ensures that all interactions between the client and server are authenticated and encrypted, fostering a trustworthy environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each RPC session requires a new SK, generated and encrypted with HKC, ensuring that each session is authenticated independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The client sends its ID and an encrypted message, which the server decrypts to retrieve the handshake key and other parameters before responding with its own encrypted message.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limiting their use reduces the risk of long-term exposure and potential compromise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ephemeral IDs and keys are temporary credentials that secure communication during RPC sessions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The user provides their username and password, which is securely sent to the login server for authentication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The clear token contains the Handshake Key for communication, while the secret token serves as an ephemeral client ID.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secure RPC ensures encrypted communication and protects data integrity over insecure networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regularly managing keys mitigates risks associated with potential cracking and unauthorized access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The classes are login (initial authentication), RPC session establishment, and file system access during an RPC session.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Usability is enhanced by limiting credential exposure, while security is maintained through ephemeral credentials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Venus acts as a surrogate for the user, handling file operations like fetching, caching, and committing changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encryption protects sensitive information like usernames and passwords during transmission over insecure links.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ephemeral credentials limit the potential for long-term credential compromise and enhance session security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It securely establishes the user's identity and initial connection to the server for further interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows transactions to be securely managed with ephemeral credentials, ensuring data integrity and confidentiality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HKC is used to establish secure channels for RPC sessions, facilitating data transmission between Venus and Vice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HKC acts as a private key for secure communication, allowing Venus to establish secure RPC sessions with Vice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Secret Token serves as a unique client ID for the session, preventing exposure of sensitive credentials like the username and password.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Venus discards both the secret and clear tokens to prevent unauthorized reuse or compromise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Venus sends its Secret Token in clear text and encrypts a random number Xᵣ using the HKC to initialize the RPC session.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vice decrypts the Secret Token to retrieve the Clear Token and extracts the HKC for further communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random numbers ensure freshness in each session and help prevent replay attacks by verifying expected increments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vice authenticates Venus by expecting Xᵣ + 1, while Venus authenticates Vice by expecting Yᵣ + 1 in their respective responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ephemeral credentials reduce the risk of credential exposure and enhance security over insecure networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Bind Mechanism ensures secure client-server connections by using tokens and HKC to authenticate and encrypt messages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Secret Token is transmitted securely over insecure links, being encrypted to prevent unauthorized access during transit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The established communication is authenticated and encrypted, ensuring secure interaction between Venus and Vice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Clear Token contains the HKC and serves as a data structure known to the login process for secure communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using them only once minimizes the long-term risk of credential exposure and protects users' sensitive information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tokens enable secure RPC sessions, allowing Venus to securely communicate with Vice while ensuring user authentication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Messages are encrypted using the Handshake Key for Client (HKC), ensuring confidentiality during exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers