Introduction to Indian History

History studies the past; roots trace back to Greek historian Herodotus, known as the "Father of History".
Key quotes: "History bases all its conclusion on rational evidence" (Herodotus), "History repeats itself" (Karl Marx).
Terms: BC refers to British Council; AD stands for Anno Domini, meaning 'year of the Lord'.
Saka Samvat initiated under King Kanishka; carbon dating technique developed by Williard Libby for fossils.

Rig Veda provides insights into early Vedic culture; Buddhist texts include Tripitaka and Jataka.
Kautilya's Arthashastra discusses political life, while Kalhana's Rajtarangini chronicles historical events.
Other notable works: Ashtadhyayi by Panini, Mahabhashya by Patanjali, Harshacharita by Banbhatta, and Vikramankacharita by Bilhana.
Early historians like Megasthenes documented India, authoring "Indica"; Al Biruni accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni.
Archaeological Survey of India established in 1861; Alexander Cunningham recognized as the "Father of Indian Archaeology".
Daya Ram Sahani is credited with the first discovery of Harappan Civilization; Ashokan inscriptions decoded by James Princep.

The phrase "Satyameva Jayate" in India's state emblem originates from Mundaka Upanishad, texts dedicated to philosophy.
Patanjali is noted for expounding yoga philosophy; Manu Smriti outlines laws of ancient India.
Gayatri Mantra composed by Vishnumitra; Aryan translates to "of good family".
Purana language includes the terms sarga, pratisarga, vansa, manavantara, and varshamcharit.
Jhelum river was historically known as Vitasta; King Porus opposed Alexander during his invasion.
Magadha kingdom's early capital was Rajgiri; contemporary ruler of Alexander, Dharananda, followed by Udayin who made Patliputra the capital.
Mahapadmananda was the founder of the Nanda dynasty; Takshasila was located between the Indus and Jhelum rivers.

Lord Buddha attained Mahaparinirvana in Kushinagar; his teachings focused on purity of thought and conduct.
Vikramshila Mahavihara, a center for education, established by Dharmapala; Tripitaka written in Pali.

Srigupta recognized as the first known Gupta ruler; silver coins named Rupyaka.
Samudragupta, dubbed the "Napoleon of India," conducted Ashwamedha Yajna.
Chandragupta assumed the title of Vikramaditya; V.A. Smith credited Samudragupta with the title "Indian Napoleon".