Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of B cells in the adaptive immune system?
What is the primary role of B cells in the adaptive immune system?
- Produce cytokines to enhance T cell activity
- Produce antibodies (correct)
- Regulate the immune response
- Directly kill infected cells
Which type of T cell is responsible for helping other immune cells respond to infections?
Which type of T cell is responsible for helping other immune cells respond to infections?
- Regulatory T cells
- Memory T cells
- Helper T cells (correct)
- Cytotoxic T cells
Which of the following types of cells are involved in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity?
Which of the following types of cells are involved in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity?
- Memory cells
- Treg cells
- All lymphocytes (correct)
- B cells
What distinguishes Memory T and B cells from other immune cells?
What distinguishes Memory T and B cells from other immune cells?
Which type of immune cells primarily acts as regulators of the immune system?
Which type of immune cells primarily acts as regulators of the immune system?
What role do dendritic cells play in the immune system?
What role do dendritic cells play in the immune system?
What is a characteristic of innate lymphoid cells?
What is a characteristic of innate lymphoid cells?
How does the adaptive immune response interact with the innate immune response?
How does the adaptive immune response interact with the innate immune response?
Which type of cells includes NK cells?
Which type of cells includes NK cells?
What is the function of NKT cells within the immune system?
What is the function of NKT cells within the immune system?
What is the primary role of immunological barriers?
What is the primary role of immunological barriers?
Which of the following correctly identifies a type of physical barrier to infection?
Which of the following correctly identifies a type of physical barrier to infection?
Which cells are considered part of the innate immune system?
Which cells are considered part of the innate immune system?
What is a characteristic feature of professional antigen presenting cells?
What is a characteristic feature of professional antigen presenting cells?
How do innate and adaptive immune responses interact?
How do innate and adaptive immune responses interact?
Which of the following is NOT a chemical barrier against infection?
Which of the following is NOT a chemical barrier against infection?
Which term best defines the study of physiological mechanisms that defend against invading organisms?
Which term best defines the study of physiological mechanisms that defend against invading organisms?
What does the term 'antigen' refer to in immunology?
What does the term 'antigen' refer to in immunology?
What is the primary function of macrophages in the innate immune system?
What is the primary function of macrophages in the innate immune system?
Which type of cell is a precursor to macrophages found in the blood?
Which type of cell is a precursor to macrophages found in the blood?
What characteristic distinguishes neutrophils from other innate immune cells?
What characteristic distinguishes neutrophils from other innate immune cells?
Which of the following granulocytes specifically targets antibody-coated parasites?
Which of the following granulocytes specifically targets antibody-coated parasites?
Which cell type is primarily responsible for the release of granules that expel parasites?
Which cell type is primarily responsible for the release of granules that expel parasites?
What role do dendritic cells play in the immune response?
What role do dendritic cells play in the immune response?
What type of immune response is mainly facilitated by basophils?
What type of immune response is mainly facilitated by basophils?
Which of the following statements is true about eosinophils?
Which of the following statements is true about eosinophils?
What distinguishes alveolar macrophages from other macrophage types?
What distinguishes alveolar macrophages from other macrophage types?
Which cell type is primarily found in lymphoid tissues and is known for activating T cells?
Which cell type is primarily found in lymphoid tissues and is known for activating T cells?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Immunology
- Immunology - the study of the body's defense mechanisms against invading organisms and antigens.
- Immune system - a complex system of cells, tissues, and organs that protect the body from disease.
Immune Defenses
- Physical barriers: skin, mucous membranes, cilia, normal flora.
- Chemical barriers: tears, sweat, mucus, stomach acid, antibodies, antimicrobial peptides.
Innate Immune System
- Macrophages:
- Phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy pathogens. -Professional Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) - process and present antigens to T-cells, initiating the adaptive immune response.
- Examples: alveolar, peritoneal, Kupffer cells, osteoclasts, microglial, histiocytes.
- Neutrophils:
- Short-lived granulocytes.
- Play a crucial role in killing bacteria.
- Granulocytes:
- Eosinophils: Kill antibody-coated parasites; involved in allergic inflammation.
- Mast Cells: Release granules containing histamines, leukotrienes, chemokines, and cytokines; contribute to allergic responses.
- Basophils: Contain toxic and inflammatory compounds; significant in allergic reactions.
- Dendritic Cells:
- Professional Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) found in lymphoid tissue and skin epidermis.
- Initiate adaptive immunity by activating T-cells.
- Considered the most potent stimulators of T-cell response.
- Natural Killer (NK) Cells:
- Part of the innate immune system.
- Kill infected cells and tumor cells.
- Can recognize stress signals on infected cells, leading to their destruction.
Adaptive Immune System - Cells
- Lymphocytes:
- Major players in both humoral (antibody-mediated) and cell-mediated immunity.
- B Cells: Produce antibodies.
- T Cells:
- Cytotoxic T Cells (Tc): Eliminate infected cells.
- Helper T Cells (Th): Help other cells (e.g., B cells) mount an immune response.
- Memory T and B cells: Responsible for long-lasting immunity.
- Regulatory T (Treg) and B (Breg) cells: Control and suppress other immune responses to prevent excessive inflammation.
Immune System Synergy
- The innate and adaptive immune systems work together in an interlinked manner.
- The adaptive immune response amplifies the efficiency of the innate response.
- The innate immune response sets the stage for the activation of the adaptive response.
Immune System: Good and Bad
- Over-activation of the immune system can lead to autoimmunity (attacking the body's own tissues).
- Immune system dysregulation can also contribute to allergies and hypersensitivities.
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