Introduction to Humanities

Chapter 1: The Study of Humanities

• The physical function of art is the easiest to understand, referring to crafts with a physical purpose.
• According to David Hume, true critics need delicacy of taste, practice, and good sense, but not bias.
• Aristotle and Plato believed art is an imitation, not a creation.
• The word "art" is rooted in the French word "art".
• "Subject" refers to any person, object, scene, or event described or represented in a work of art.
• Abstrahere means "drawn away".
• Distortion in art is used to express emotions that realism cannot show.
• Minerva is the goddess of wisdom in Greek mythology.
• Early people used music for worship and ritual.
• Carvings and stained-glass windows helped churches teach faith through art.

Chapter 2: Arts: Mediums and Techniques

• Medium is the material used by an artist to express their feelings or thoughts.
• Painting, drawing, printmaking, and photography are examples of two-dimensional visual arts.
• Fresco is a visual art medium involving painting on wet plaster, allowing the paint to become part of the wall surface.
• Bistre is a drawing medium made from burnt wood, commonly used for sketching.
• Engraving is a printmaking technique that involves carving an image into a metal plate to create prints.
• Encaustic uses hot wax mixed with pigment, its name derived from a Greek word meaning "to burn in".
• Stone is considered one of the oldest materials used in sculpture.
• Mobile sculpture is a kind of kinetic sculpture made of strips of metal, glass, wood, or plastic, arranged with wires, and hung to move.
• Percussion instruments give heartbeat and rhythm to any music.
• Comedy is a humorous drama that highlights human or societal absurdities.

Chapter 3: Elements and Organization

• Emotions are expressed by different elements which symbolizes feelings.
• Afterimages are visual phenomena that occur when you continue to see an image even after the original stimulus has been removed.
• Movement, as a principle of design, helps to create an illusion of motion in a static image.
• Complementary color is a combination of two opposite colors in the color wheel.
• Triad Harmony is considered the richest among five harmonies.
• Color exists in light, which to human eyes seems colorless.
• Line refers to a mark with length and direction.
• Chiaroscuro describes the use of light and shadow to create depth and form in art.
• Red, Yellow, and Blue are the three primary colors.
• Intensity is the property of color that refers to how bright or dull a color appears.

Chapter 4: Art History and Development

• Architecture is the art and science of designing and building structures in keeping with aesthetic and functional criteria.
• A cantilever is a rigid structural element that extends horizontally from a vertical surface and is supported only one end.
• Chiaroscuro is the use of strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition.
• Roman architecture was heavily influenced by the classical architecture of ancient Greece and Rome.
• The Romans developed the aqueduct by combining Greek columns with arches.
• Key elements of Greek architecture emphasized symmetry, proportion, and columns.
• The Waltz was the most popular 19th-century ballroom dance.
• Stage Dance is a type of dance performed on a stage.
• Dionysus was worshipped as the god of wine in Ancient Greece.
• Modern art rejects traditional forms and focuses on individual experimentation and expression.

Chapter 5: Asian Art

• An epic is a long poetic work about a hero's great deeds.
• Ukiyo-e means "Pictures of the floating world".
• Retablos in Filipino visual arts are carvings for churches including altarpieces.
• Lupang Hinirang is not a folk song.
• The Himeji Castle in Japan is also known as the White Heron Castle.
• Noh uses masks and Kabuki theater uses dramatic makeup as props during performances.
• The Hakone Open-Air Museum's primary focus is showcasing modern and contemporary sculpture.
• Chinese architecture conveys Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism concepts representing Chinese culture.
• Indigenous people primarily used surroundings to craft arts in the country's earliest art forms.
• Landscape painting is considered the highest form of art, expressing the understanding of the connection between human and nature.

Chapter 6: Visual Arts in a Historical Perspective

• The Manunggul Jar used for burials is an example of pre-colonial Philippine art.
• Religious paintings and sculptures during the Spanish colonial period mainly served to spread Christian beliefs and teachings.
• Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo contributed to Philippine nationalism by painting artworks that depicted Filipino struggles and identity.
• The Torii Gate is the symbolic gateway between the spirit realm and the human world in Japan.
• The Spanish word for "jade" is "Ijada".
• The industry of pottery became an art as a result of the entrance of tea.
• Scrolls or folding screens are formats used in traditional Chinese painting.
• Flowers and animals in Chinese paintings often represent symbolic meanings.
• Pyramids served as the home of the tombs of the Pharaoh.
• The Elephant served as the symbol of strength, power, and wisdom, which are important attributes in ancient Indian culture.

Chapter 7: The Lives and Works of Masters in Visual Arts

• Leonardo Da Vinci is considered a rare universal genius and the epitome of the "ideal" Renaissance humanist.
• Michelangelo Buonarroti developed the concept of "sademy," where sculpture is defined as the art of "taking away," revealing the figure already contained within the block.
• Andrea del Verrocchio was Leonardo da Vinci's mentor during his early artistic development.
• The Last Supper is NOT a notable work by Michelangelo Buonarroti.
• Michelangelo moved to the Medici Gardens and was influenced by the humanist circle surrounding Lorenzo de' Medici.
• Pablo Picasso created the "Blue Period", an art which depicts poverty and suffering using muted blue and green tones with angular figures.
• Pablo Picasso co-developed Cubism, revolutionizing modern art.
• Vincent Van Gogh created over 600 paintings and 800 drawings and watercolors.
• Van Gogh was influenced by Jean Francois Millet, a painter of laborers and the poor.
• Sfumato is the painting technique that Leonardo da Vinci developed to create soft transitions between colors and tones.

Chapter 8: Psychological First Aid

• Johann Sebastian Bach was orphaned by age 10 and taken in by his older brother, Johann Christoph, who provided him with further musical instruction.
• Ludwig Van Beethoven was trained by his strict and abusive father, shaping his early development as a composer.
• Fryderyk Franciszek Szopen published his first composition at the age of 7 and began performing shortly thereafter.
• George Frederic Handel was renowned for his operas, oratorios, anthems, and organ concertos.
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a prolific composer, writing over 600 works in his short life, including 22 operas.
• Johann Strauss II was a leading composer of waltzes and operettas in 19th-century Europe.
• Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky was a prominent composer renowned for his symphonies, concertos, operas, ballets, and chamber music.
• Ludwig Van Beethoven is renowned as the Greatest composer in History.
• Piano Sonata no. 14 is known as the "Quasi Una Fantasia".
• Symphony no. 5, in C minor, Op 67 is one of the best-known compositions in classical music and one of the most frequently played symphonies, widely considered one of the cornerstones of western music, also known as the Fate Symphony.

Chapter 9: Filipino Renowned Artists and Composers

• Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace earned Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo a silver medal at the 1884 Madrid Exposition of Fine Arts.
• Rice Planting is the most famous painting of Fernando Amorsolo that depicted the Philippine sunlight.
• Vicente Manansala is a Filipino artist known for incorporating a unique type of Cubism that preserved recognizable structures.
• Guillermo Tolentino was known as the "Father of Philippine Arts" and sculpted the Bonifacio Monument.
• Napoleon Abueva introduced buoyant sculpture in 1951.
• Jose Joya created the painting Granadean Arabesque and represented the Philippines at the 1964 Venice Biennial.
• Lucrecia Kasilag's musical style is known for the Fusion of Eastern and Western instruments and styles.
• Atang de la Rama is best known for creating Kundiman and zarzuela performances.
• Levi Celerio is famously listed in the Guinness Book of World Records for playing music with a leaf.
• AFP on the March, a composition by Antonino Buenaventura, was used for military parades and ceremonies.