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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the focus of physiology as a scientific discipline?
Which of the following best describes the focus of physiology as a scientific discipline?
- The study of abnormal or diseased structures.
- The study of the structure of the human body.
- The study of functions and mechanisms in a living system. (correct)
- The classification and naming of organisms.
Anatomy primarily focuses on the function of body structures, while physiology focuses on the structure.
Anatomy primarily focuses on the function of body structures, while physiology focuses on the structure.
False (B)
Briefly explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology.
Briefly explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology.
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body, and physiology is the study of how these structures function. They are intertwined because function depends on structure.
The study of abnormal or ill structure is known as ______.
The study of abnormal or ill structure is known as ______.
Match each term with its correct definition:
Match each term with its correct definition:
Which of the following questions is most aligned with the focus of physiology?
Which of the following questions is most aligned with the focus of physiology?
Reproduction is considered an important characteristic of life at both the macrolevel (organism) and microlevel (cellular).
Reproduction is considered an important characteristic of life at both the macrolevel (organism) and microlevel (cellular).
List four important characteristics of life.
List four important characteristics of life.
[Blank] is the characteristic of life that involves obtaining oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
[Blank] is the characteristic of life that involves obtaining oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
Match the characteristic of life with its description:
Match the characteristic of life with its description:
At which level of structural organization would you find different tissues combining to form a specific function?
At which level of structural organization would you find different tissues combining to form a specific function?
A cell is considered the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism.
A cell is considered the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism.
Describe the relationship between cells, tissues, and organs in the structural organization of the human body.
Describe the relationship between cells, tissues, and organs in the structural organization of the human body.
A group of organs working together to perform major functions is known as an ______.
A group of organs working together to perform major functions is known as an ______.
Match each level of structural organization with an example:
Match each level of structural organization with an example:
Which organ system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood?
Which organ system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood?
The skeletal system includes bones and joints.
The skeletal system includes bones and joints.
Name three organ systems of the human body.
Name three organ systems of the human body.
The ______ system is responsible for removing carbon dioxide from the body and delivering oxygen to the blood.
The ______ system is responsible for removing carbon dioxide from the body and delivering oxygen to the blood.
Match each organ system with its primary function:
Match each organ system with its primary function:
Which of the following organs belongs to both the endocrine and reproductive systems?
Which of the following organs belongs to both the endocrine and reproductive systems?
An organ can only belong to one organ system.
An organ can only belong to one organ system.
Explain why the ovaries or testes are associated with both the endocrine and reproductive systems?
Explain why the ovaries or testes are associated with both the endocrine and reproductive systems?
The female ______ and male testes are examples of organs that belong to both the endocrine and reproductive systems.
The female ______ and male testes are examples of organs that belong to both the endocrine and reproductive systems.
Match the organ with its respective organ systems:
Match the organ with its respective organ systems:
What is homeostasis?
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is regulated exclusively by positive feedback loops.
Homeostasis is regulated exclusively by positive feedback loops.
Name the two types of feedback loops that regulate homeostasis.
Name the two types of feedback loops that regulate homeostasis.
In maintaining homeostasis, ______ feedback loops are more frequently used by the body.
In maintaining homeostasis, ______ feedback loops are more frequently used by the body.
Match each feedback loop type with its frequency of use:
Match each feedback loop type with its frequency of use:
Which of the following is NOT a component of both negative and positive feedback loops?
Which of the following is NOT a component of both negative and positive feedback loops?
The control center in a feedback loop is always the central nervous system.
The control center in a feedback loop is always the central nervous system.
List the four components of a feedback loop.
List the four components of a feedback loop.
The component of a feedback loop that detects a change in the environment is the ______.
The component of a feedback loop that detects a change in the environment is the ______.
Match each component of a feedback loop with its function:
Match each component of a feedback loop with its function:
In a negative feedback loop, what is the effect of the response on the initial stimulus?
In a negative feedback loop, what is the effect of the response on the initial stimulus?
Blood clotting is an example of a negative feedback loop.
Blood clotting is an example of a negative feedback loop.
Describe the main difference between negative and positive feedback loops in terms of their effect on the initial stimulus.
Describe the main difference between negative and positive feedback loops in terms of their effect on the initial stimulus.
Unlike negative feedback, a positive feedback loop intensifies the response until an ______ is reached.
Unlike negative feedback, a positive feedback loop intensifies the response until an ______ is reached.
Match each example with its type of feedback loop:
Match each example with its type of feedback loop:
What does the term 'hem' refer to as a prefix?
What does the term 'hem' refer to as a prefix?
Hemostasis is the process by which the body regulates temperature.
Hemostasis is the process by which the body regulates temperature.
Define hemostasis.
Define hemostasis.
The term ______ as a prefix is related to blood.
The term ______ as a prefix is related to blood.
Match the term and its definition:
Match the term and its definition:
Flashcards
What is Physiology?
What is Physiology?
The scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system.
Anatomy is about...
Anatomy is about...
Normal structure.
Pathology is about...
Pathology is about...
Abnormal or ill structure.
Physiology is about...
Physiology is about...
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Pathophysiology is about...
Pathophysiology is about...
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What is Homeostasis?
What is Homeostasis?
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What is a Negative Feedback Loop?
What is a Negative Feedback Loop?
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What is a Positive Feedback Loop?
What is a Positive Feedback Loop?
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Components of Feedback Loops
Components of Feedback Loops
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What is Hemostasis?
What is Hemostasis?
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What is a cell?
What is a cell?
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What is a tissue?
What is a tissue?
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What is an organ?
What is an organ?
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What is an organ system?
What is an organ system?
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Study Notes
- Physiology is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system, derived from the Ancient Greek words "physis" (nature, origin) and "-logia" (study of).
- As a biology sub-discipline, physiology studies how organisms, organs, cells, and biomolecules perform chemical and physical functions in living systems, especially in the human body.
- Physiology combines biology, chemistry, biochemistry, and physics to understand the human body's function based on its anatomy.
Anatomy vs. Physiology
- Anatomy concerns the structure of the body.
- Pathology concerns abnormal structure
- Physiology concerns the function of the body.
- Pathophysiology concerns abnormal function.
Physiology Questions
- Key questions in physiology include:
- What are the characteristics of life, and how are they maintained?
- How does the structure of the human body work?
- How is the human body regulated?
- How can the human body adapt to changing internal and external environments?
Characteristics of Life
- Important life characteristics encompass:
- Reproduction: organism-level and cellular-level reproduction
- Growth and development
- Movement
- Respiration: Intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide
- Responsiveness: reaction to environmental changes
- Digestion: Breakdown of food for energy
- Absorption: Movement of substances into body fluids through membranes
- Circulation: Movement of substances through body fluids like blood and lymph
- Assimilation: Conversion of absorbed substances for tissue use
- Excretion: Removal of waste
- Death.
Structural Organization
- The human body has a structural organization consisting of:
- Chemicals
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ systems
- Organism
- A cell is the smallest, independently functioning unit; it's a living entity, unlike molecules.
- Tissues: Groups of similar cells performing specific functions
- Organs: Anatomically distinct structures with two or more tissue types that perform specific physiological functions
- Organ Systems: Groups of organs performing major functions or meeting physiological needs
Organ Systems of the Human Body
- Organ systems include:
- Skeletal (bones, joints)
- Muscular
- Cardiovascular (heart, vessels, blood)
- Lymphatic
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Reproductive
- Endocrine
- Nervous
- Integumentary
- Some organs, can belong to more than one system; ovaries and testicles belong to the endocrine and reproductive systems.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis maintains a stable physiological state within a narrow range compatible with life, using feedback loops to maintain median values, which have minimum and maximum levels.
- Negative feedback loops occur more frequently.
- Positive feedback loops occur less frequently.
- Feedback loops consist of:
- Stimulus
- Sensor (receptor)
- Control center (often the central nervous system or endocrine system)
- Effector
Negative Feedback Loops
- Negative feedback loops prevent excessive responses to stimuli and reverse changes, aiming to return to a normal range within limits.
- Examples of negative feedback loops include:
- blood glucose control
- temperature heat regulation
- maintenance of physical parameters in blood and body fluids
Positive Feedback Loops
- Positive feedback loops intensify responses until an endpoint is reached and are less common.
- Positive feedback loops results in greater deviation from the normal range.
- Examples of positive feedback loops include:
- uterine contractions during delivery
- blood clotting (fibrin synthesis cascade)
Hemostasis
- Homeostasis involves hemostasis, the process of sealing a ruptured blood vessel to prevent further blood loss, using the prefix "hem-" to indicate blood.
Physiology as a Science
- The study of physiology involves observation with the naked eye and measuring tools like microscopes, accompanied by manipulations and measurements.
- Modern physiology requires carefully designed laboratory experiments to understand the functions of the body's structures and chemical compounds.
- Development of physiology involves real experiments with animals, organs, cells, and extends to computer models, which apply to humans with some restrictions.
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