38 Questions
What happens to the response in a positive feedback mechanism?
The response moves further from the set point.
What is the result of a positive feedback mechanism in the body?
Unstable conditions that eventually return to normal.
What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism associated with normal health?
Blood clotting
What is the purpose of the fluid in a body cavity?
To protect the organs from damage as the organism moves around.
How are body cavities formed during development?
Solid masses of tissue fold inward on themselves, creating pockets in which the organs develop.
What is an example of a body cavity in humans?
Cranial cavity
What is the ventral cavity divided into?
The diaphragm muscle divides the ventral cavity into the abdomino-pelvic cavity and the thoracic cavity.
What is the function of the peritoneum?
It holds all the organs in place.
How many people are born every minute?
250 babies
What is the current human population in the world?
7.53 billion
How many integrated systems make up the human body?
11
What are the main parts of the body's systems known as?
Organs
What is anatomy concerned with?
The structure of the body and its parts
What is the relationship between tissues and cells?
Tissues are made up of cells
How many people die daily?
150,000
What is the human body composed of?
Cells, tissues, organs, and systems
What is the main purpose of diagnostic imaging in medicine?
To look inside the body for clues about a medical condition
What are the advantages of diagnostic imaging techniques?
They are non-invasive and can create pictures of the structures and activities inside the body
What determines the type of diagnostic imaging technology used?
The symptoms and the part of the body being examined
What is the purpose of X-ray technology in medicine?
To look for broken bones, problems in the lungs and abdomen, cavities in teeth, and many other problems
How do X-rays produce images of the body?
X-rays use electromagnetic radiation to make images, which are recorded on a film called a radiograph
Why do bones appear white on an X-ray image?
Because calcium in bones absorbs X-rays the most
What is the advantage of digital radiography over traditional film-based X-rays?
It saves costs and time, and eliminates the need to develop X-ray films
Why were X-ray shoe fitting machines discontinued in the 1970s?
Because of the radiation hazard they posed
What is the main purpose of a PET scan?
to evaluate healthy or diseased brain function
What is the primary purpose of fluoroscopy?
To evaluate both hard and soft tissue, including bones, joints, organs, and vessels.
How do nuclear scans involve the use of a special camera?
to detect energy coming from the radioactive substance, called a tracer
What is the difference between an MRI scan and a CT scan?
an MRI scan has a higher quality, making it easier to see differences in tissues
What is the main difference between rigid and flexible endoscopes?
Rigid endoscopes are not bendable, while flexible endoscopes are bendable and use fiberoptic technology.
What is the purpose of an injectable contrast in an MRI scan?
to alter the local magnetic field, making it easier to distinguish between normal and abnormal tissue
What is the purpose of a bronchoscope?
To produce images of the airways.
What is the unit of measurement equivalent to 1 inch?
25 millimeters.
What type of waves are used in an ultrasound scan?
high-frequency sound waves
What is the function of the light source in an endoscope?
To produce images of the body's interior.
How long does a typical nuclear scan take?
20 to 45 minutes
What is the purpose of the tubes and instruments in an endoscope?
To introduce or remove fluids or gases, and to perform procedures such as surgery and biopsy.
What is the advantage of using a PET scan over other imaging techniques?
it can evaluate healthy or diseased brain function
What is the purpose of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan?
to diagnose a variety of conditions, including torn ligaments, tumors, and brain and spinal cord injuries
Study Notes
Introduction to Human Body
- The human body is a complex and marvelous system with 11 integrated systems.
- Each system carries out a specific role or task and is composed of organs, tissues, and cells.
Anatomy and Physiology
- Anatomy deals with the structure of the body and its parts.
- Physiology deals with the functions of the body and its parts.
Levels of Organization of the Human Body
- The levels of organization in the human body are: cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
Body Cavities
- Body cavities are spaces in the body that house organs and are lined with a layer of cells and fluid.
- Examples of body cavities include the cranial cavity, ventral cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity.
- The ventral cavity is divided into the thoracic cavity and abdomino-pelvic cavity by the diaphragm muscle.
Diagnostic Imaging
- Diagnostic imaging refers to technologies used to look inside the body for clues about a medical condition.
- Types of diagnostic imaging include:
- X-rays
- CT scans (Computed Tomography)
- Nuclear medicine scans
- MRI scans (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
- Ultrasound
- PET/CT (Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography)
- Diagnostic imaging is non-invasive and can create pictures of structures and activities inside the body.
X-rays
- X-rays use electromagnetic radiation to make images of the body.
- X-rays are used to look for broken bones, problems in the lungs and abdomen, cavities in teeth, and other problems.
- X-ray technology is moving from film to digital files with computed radiography and digital radiography.
Nuclear Scans
- Nuclear scans use radioactive substances to see structures and functions inside the body.
- Nuclear scans involve a special camera that detects energy coming from the radioactive substance, called a tracer.
- Nuclear scans can help diagnose conditions such as cancers, injuries, and infections.
MRI Scans
- MRI scans do not use X-rays.
- MRI scans use a large magnet and radio waves to look at organs and structures inside the body.
- MRI scans can help diagnose conditions such as torn ligaments, tumors, and spinal cord injuries.
Ultrasound
- Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to look at organs and structures inside the body.
- Ultrasound is used to evaluate the fetus during pregnancy and to diagnose gallstones and other conditions.
Endoscopy
- Endoscopy involves inserting a telescope-like device through natural orifices or incisions to produce images of the body's interior.
- Endoscopes can be rigid or flexible and can be equipped with tubes to introduce or remove fluids or gases, blades for surgery, forceps to take samples, and a laser to cauterize damaged tissue.
- Endoscopes have been developed to fit different body parts, such as bronchoscopes for the airways and proctoscopes for the lower bowel.
Explore the structure and functions of the human body, including anatomy, physiology, and levels of organization. Learn about the 11 integrated systems and their roles.
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