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Questions and Answers
Blood was believed to come from the liver according to ancient medical theories.
Blood was believed to come from the liver according to ancient medical theories.
False
Aristotle proposed that the brain is the seat of intelligence.
Aristotle proposed that the brain is the seat of intelligence.
False
Herophilus is known for introducing human dissection to the study of anatomy.
Herophilus is known for introducing human dissection to the study of anatomy.
True
During the Roman period, human dissections were legally permitted.
During the Roman period, human dissections were legally permitted.
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Galen believed that arteries carried air.
Galen believed that arteries carried air.
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The four temperaments recognized by the Greeks corresponded with the four humors.
The four temperaments recognized by the Greeks corresponded with the four humors.
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Blood was thought to be produced by the spleen according to Hippocratic beliefs.
Blood was thought to be produced by the spleen according to Hippocratic beliefs.
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Galen's medical practices included the belief in the concept of humors.
Galen's medical practices included the belief in the concept of humors.
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Hippocrates is known as the 'Father of Medicine' for his approach to separating medicine from religion and superstition.
Hippocrates is known as the 'Father of Medicine' for his approach to separating medicine from religion and superstition.
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The four body humors according to ancient Greek medicine included blood, phlegm, green bile, and black bile.
The four body humors according to ancient Greek medicine included blood, phlegm, green bile, and black bile.
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Bloodletting was used by Greeks and Egyptians as a method to restore balance among the body humors.
Bloodletting was used by Greeks and Egyptians as a method to restore balance among the body humors.
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Aristotle was the first to perform systematic human dissections to advance the knowledge of anatomy.
Aristotle was the first to perform systematic human dissections to advance the knowledge of anatomy.
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Galen's medical practices included the use of leeches for bloodletting.
Galen's medical practices included the use of leeches for bloodletting.
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Hippocrates proposed that illness was the result of an imbalance in the four humors.
Hippocrates proposed that illness was the result of an imbalance in the four humors.
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Hippocrates developed a pledge of unethical conduct for physicians.
Hippocrates developed a pledge of unethical conduct for physicians.
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Aristotle contributed to anatomy by conducting many human dissections and advocating for precise anatomical studies.
Aristotle contributed to anatomy by conducting many human dissections and advocating for precise anatomical studies.
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The ancient Greeks believed that the balance of the four humors was important for maintaining health.
The ancient Greeks believed that the balance of the four humors was important for maintaining health.
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Herophilus is often credited with being the first to perform systematic human dissections.
Herophilus is often credited with being the first to perform systematic human dissections.
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Trial and error was a common practice among ancient physicians, sometimes leading to fatal results.
Trial and error was a common practice among ancient physicians, sometimes leading to fatal results.
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Galen's medical practices relied heavily on scientific approaches based on experimental evidence.
Galen's medical practices relied heavily on scientific approaches based on experimental evidence.
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The evolution of medical practices through history has seen a transition from supernatural explanations for illness to natural causes.
The evolution of medical practices through history has seen a transition from supernatural explanations for illness to natural causes.
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Throughout history, medical practices have remained static and have not evolved significantly.
Throughout history, medical practices have remained static and have not evolved significantly.
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The Greeks' analytical approach to studying the human body laid the groundwork for modern medical sciences.
The Greeks' analytical approach to studying the human body laid the groundwork for modern medical sciences.
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During primitive times, illness was often attributed to natural causes rather than supernatural beliefs.
During primitive times, illness was often attributed to natural causes rather than supernatural beliefs.
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Study Notes
Course Outline
- Introduction to Human Anatomy
- Brief history
- Anatomical terminologies
- General overview of the upper limb
Shoulder Joint and Anastomosis
- Shoulder joint and its anastomosis
- Axilla
- Breast
- Brachial plexus
- Cubital fossa
Elbow Joint and Anastomosis
- Elbow joint and anastomosis
- Forearm
- Hand
Recommended Texts
- Clinically oriented anatomy by Keith Moore and Dailey (latest edition)
- Clinical anatomy by Harold Ellis (latest edition)
- Gray's anatomy of the Human Body by Henry Gray (latest edition)
- Grant's Atlas of Anatomy
- A colour atlas of human anatomy by McMinn, Hutchings, Pegington and Abrahams
- Frank Netter Colour Atlas
Introduction to Human Anatomy
- Human anatomy is the medical science concerned with the study of structure and relationship to functions of its constituent parts.
- The term "anatomy" was derived from a Greek word meaning "to cut up."
- The anatomy of every structure in the body is adapted for performing one or more functions.
Disciplines in Anatomy
- Macroscopic/Gross/Topographic
- Microscopic/Histology
- Developmental/Embryology
- Neuroanatomy/Brain and Nervous system
Brief History of Anatomy
- Primitive Times
- Illness and diseases were viewed as punishment from gods.
- First physicians were witch doctors using ceremonies to treat illness.
- Herbs and plants were used as early pharmaceuticals; for example foxglove for strengthening and slowing the heart.
- Greeks (1200 BC - 200 BC)
- Made observations about the human body and effects of disease, contributing to modern medical science.
- Believed illness resulted from natural causes.
- Used therapies such as massage, herbal treatments, and discovered that diet and cleanliness could prevent disease.
- Explained illness in terms of four humors (Blood/Sangius-Liver, Phlegm/Phlegma -lungs, Yellow bile/Chole -Gallbladder, Black bile/Melanchole -Spleen), believed to be governed by Air, Water, Fire, and Earth.
- Bloodletting was popular to rid the body of excess humors.
- Egyptians (3000 BC - 300 BC)
- Used leeches for bloodletting (draining blood)
- Leech saliva contains a natural anesthetic, a blood thinner, a vasodilator, and an agent preventing bacteria from infecting the wound.
- History of Anatomy (Greece)
- The Greeks were the first to attempt to study the human body objectively.
- Many medical terms are based on Greek language
- Claudius Galen (120c to 200AD)
- Roman physician, team doctor for gladiators.
- Kept gladiators alive so they could fight again.
- Proved that arteries carry blood, and not air.
- Believed blood originated in the liver and flowed outwards to the flesh.
- Believed three organs controlled the body: Liver-produced physical pneuma in veins, Heart-produced vital pneuma in arteries, Brain-produced psychic pneuma in nerves.
- Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)
- Artist, painter, philosopher, and scientist.
- Interested in human form, studied and dissected human bodies.
- Created anatomically correct drawings.
- Andreas Vesalius (1514-1565)
- Belgian physician.
- Corrected many of Galen's anatomical errors.
- William Harvey (1578-1657)
- Advanced the premise that all animals develop from eggs.
- Father of Anatomy studied the circulatory system.
- Dissected his own family members.
- History of anatomy (Rome)
- Human dissections were forbidden.
- Shortage of cadavers
- Medical schools in England and Scotland; no one donated bodies, and churchgoers feared this affected the chances of resurrection.
- Executed criminals sometimes were used.
- Grave robbing:
- Medical students raided graveyards to get bodies. In some cases, bodies were traded for tuition
- Resurrectionists
- By 1828 body snatchers (Resurrectionists) in London provided the medical schools with corpses. This was not a crime; a dead body couldn't be owned.
- Anatomy studies were conducted primarily from October to May.
- William Burke and William Hare (Circa 1828) - 2 Resurrectionists - Killed 15, possibly more - Used to provide bodies for anatomical studies
- Anatomy Act of 1832
- Bodies of the poor could be used by anatomists
- Our Experience
- Cadavers are bought from mortuaries.
- Current debates on the necessity of dissection in medical studies.
Anatomical Terminology
- Anatomy and medicine have an internationally recognized vocabulary using Latin or Greek.
- Terms are used to avoid ambiguity and for smooth communication in health care and related fields.
Anatomical Position
- Standard reference position of the body.
- Standing erect, feet together, palms forward, facing forward.
- Universal method to describe location and structure.
- The Supine and Prone positions; are sometimes needed to provide specific detailed anatomical descriptions.
Anatomical Planes
- Median plane: divides the body into left and right halves.
- Sagittal plane: parallel to the median plane.
- Coronal plane: perpendicular to the median plane, divides the body into front and back portions.
- Transverse plane: divides the body into upper and lower portions.
Terms of Relationships
- Various adjectives or pairs of opposites describe the relationship of structures of the body and to each other.
- Terms like Superficial, intermediate, and deep are used.
- Medial and lateral are terms also used in description of position of structure to each other; in relation to a median plane.
Terms of Movements
- Angular movements; increase or decrease the angle between articulating bones.
- Flexion
- Extension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Dorsiflexion
- Plantarflexion
- Hyperextension
- Circular movements; involve rotation and circumduction.
- Rotation
- Circumduction
- Special movements; include inversion, eversion, opposition, protusion, retraction, elevation and depression, pronation and supination.
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Description
Test your knowledge on human anatomy with this comprehensive quiz covering the shoulder joint, elbow joint, and important anatomical structures. Review key concepts and terminologies that lay the foundation for understanding the human body's structure and functions.
