Podcast
Questions and Answers
Who is regarded as the father of medicine?
Who is regarded as the father of medicine?
- Aristotle
- Hippocrates (correct)
- Galen
- Avicenna
What is the primary focus of the study of anatomy?
What is the primary focus of the study of anatomy?
- The function of the human body
- The psychological aspects of human behavior
- The structure of the human body (correct)
- The genetic makeup of human cells
Which approach to studying anatomy involves examining the body by organ systems?
Which approach to studying anatomy involves examining the body by organ systems?
- Surface anatomy
- Clinical anatomy
- Systematic anatomy (correct)
- Regional anatomy
What is the definition of gross anatomy?
What is the definition of gross anatomy?
Which of the following is NOT a method used during a physical examination where anatomical knowledge is essential?
Which of the following is NOT a method used during a physical examination where anatomical knowledge is essential?
What area of study emerged with the invention of the X-ray?
What area of study emerged with the invention of the X-ray?
Which field of anatomy studies the formation of the zygote to an adult?
Which field of anatomy studies the formation of the zygote to an adult?
Which medical or anatomical term refers to 'above'?
Which medical or anatomical term refers to 'above'?
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
In anatomical terms, what does 'distal' mean?
In anatomical terms, what does 'distal' mean?
What is the anatomical term for 'close to the midline'?
What is the anatomical term for 'close to the midline'?
What is the term for movement that decreases the angle in a joint?
What is the term for movement that decreases the angle in a joint?
What is the anatomical term describing movement away from the midline of the body?
What is the anatomical term describing movement away from the midline of the body?
What movement is defined by turning the palm of the hand posteriorly or inferiorly?
What movement is defined by turning the palm of the hand posteriorly or inferiorly?
Which anatomical plane is also known as the horizontal or axial plane?
Which anatomical plane is also known as the horizontal or axial plane?
What does the term 'ipsilateral' refer to?
What does the term 'ipsilateral' refer to?
Which of the following is NOT considered a plane of the body?
Which of the following is NOT considered a plane of the body?
Where is 'Snell's Clinical Neuroanatomy' typically used?
Where is 'Snell's Clinical Neuroanatomy' typically used?
What does the term 'Anatomy' literally mean?
What does the term 'Anatomy' literally mean?
In anatomical position, where are the palms facing?
In anatomical position, where are the palms facing?
What does 'anterior' mean?
What does 'anterior' mean?
In medical and anatomical terms, what is another term for 'dorsal'?
In medical and anatomical terms, what is another term for 'dorsal'?
What is another term for 'cranial'?
What is another term for 'cranial'?
If something is 'superficial', what is it close to?
If something is 'superficial', what is it close to?
What is the opposite of 'external'?
What is the opposite of 'external'?
Elevation and Depression are movements used for which part of the body?
Elevation and Depression are movements used for which part of the body?
Which of the following movements is classified as 'moving close to the midline'?
Which of the following movements is classified as 'moving close to the midline'?
Which of the following movements is classified as 'moving away from the midline'?
Which of the following movements is classified as 'moving away from the midline'?
Which one of these movements occurs along the sagittal axis?
Which one of these movements occurs along the sagittal axis?
Which one of these movements occurs along the vertical axis?
Which one of these movements occurs along the vertical axis?
Which one of these movements occurs along the transverse axis?
Which one of these movements occurs along the transverse axis?
What is another term for integumentary system?
What is another term for integumentary system?
Which of the following is NOT part of the musculoskeletal system?
Which of the following is NOT part of the musculoskeletal system?
Which is an example of a combined term?
Which is an example of a combined term?
From where are anatomical terms derivatives?
From where are anatomical terms derivatives?
Identify the INCORRECT statement regarding anatomical terminology.
Identify the INCORRECT statement regarding anatomical terminology.
What is the purpose of anatomical terminology?
What is the purpose of anatomical terminology?
Which of the following is both superficial and proximal to the anatomical shoulder joint?
Which of the following is both superficial and proximal to the anatomical shoulder joint?
What is the term for the study of bones?
What is the term for the study of bones?
How are bones classified that form the skeleton?
How are bones classified that form the skeleton?
Which of these is a function of bones?
Which of these is a function of bones?
What is the primary component that gives living bones elasticity?
What is the primary component that gives living bones elasticity?
Which type of bone is the humerus?
Which type of bone is the humerus?
What type of bone are facial bones and vertebrae generally classified as?
What type of bone are facial bones and vertebrae generally classified as?
Which of the following is a characteristic of pneumatic bones?
Which of the following is a characteristic of pneumatic bones?
What term describes the study of joints?
What term describes the study of joints?
What is the classification of joints that includes sutures in the skull?
What is the classification of joints that includes sutures in the skull?
Which type of joint is freely movable?
Which type of joint is freely movable?
What type of joint connects articulating surfaces with connective tissue, exemplified by the distal tibiofibular joint?
What type of joint connects articulating surfaces with connective tissue, exemplified by the distal tibiofibular joint?
What describes joints classified as synchondrosis?
What describes joints classified as synchondrosis?
What common feature is present in synovial joints?
What common feature is present in synovial joints?
Why is synovial fluid important?
Why is synovial fluid important?
How does an articular disc contribute to synovial joint function?
How does an articular disc contribute to synovial joint function?
What is the role of articular ligaments in synovial joints?
What is the role of articular ligaments in synovial joints?
Which statement describes plane joints?
Which statement describes plane joints?
Hinge joints permit what type of movement?
Hinge joints permit what type of movement?
Which of the following movement characteristics describes condyloid joints?
Which of the following movement characteristics describes condyloid joints?
How would you describe the articulating surfaces in saddle joints?
How would you describe the articulating surfaces in saddle joints?
A joint that is multiaxial with a spheroidal surface articulating with a socket is classified as which joint?
A joint that is multiaxial with a spheroidal surface articulating with a socket is classified as which joint?
What type of movement is permitted by pivot joints?
What type of movement is permitted by pivot joints?
What is the literal meaning of Myologia?
What is the literal meaning of Myologia?
What is the primary function of a muscle?
What is the primary function of a muscle?
Which nervous system innervates skeletal muscles?
Which nervous system innervates skeletal muscles?
What is the term for the basic structural unit of skeletal muscles?
What is the term for the basic structural unit of skeletal muscles?
What is the dense connective tissue surrounding a muscle called?
What is the dense connective tissue surrounding a muscle called?
What is the role of tendons in muscle function?
What is the role of tendons in muscle function?
The biceps brachii is named based on which characteristic?
The biceps brachii is named based on which characteristic?
During muscle contraction, by how much can its length decrease?
During muscle contraction, by how much can its length decrease?
What constitutes a motor unit?
What constitutes a motor unit?
What is the function of synergistic muscles during joint movement?
What is the function of synergistic muscles during joint movement?
What is the function of an antagonistic muscle?
What is the function of an antagonistic muscle?
Fixator muscles perform what action?
Fixator muscles perform what action?
What statement accuractely relates to joint stability?
What statement accuractely relates to joint stability?
According to Hilton's Law, what is the key rule regarding nerves?
According to Hilton's Law, what is the key rule regarding nerves?
What is the anatomical definition of the "belly" of the muscle?
What is the anatomical definition of the "belly" of the muscle?
Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
What is Anatomy?
The study of the structure of the living human being.
Anatomy's Origin
Anatomy's Origin
Cutting up/dissecting, now a scientific discipline.
Gross Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
Focuses on macroscopic structures and functions of the human body.
Anatomy's Clinical Role
Anatomy's Clinical Role
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What is Microscopic Anatomy/Histology?
What is Microscopic Anatomy/Histology?
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What is Pathology?
What is Pathology?
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What is Radiological Anatomy?
What is Radiological Anatomy?
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What is Neuroanatomy?
What is Neuroanatomy?
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What is Developmental Anatomy?
What is Developmental Anatomy?
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Regional Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
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Systematic Anatomy
Systematic Anatomy
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Clinical Anatomy
Clinical Anatomy
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What is the Anatomical Position?
What is the Anatomical Position?
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What is the Transverse Plane?
What is the Transverse Plane?
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What is the Sagittal Plane?
What is the Sagittal Plane?
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What is the Coronal (Frontal) Plane?
What is the Coronal (Frontal) Plane?
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What is Anterior?
What is Anterior?
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What is Posterior?
What is Posterior?
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What is Superior?
What is Superior?
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What is Inferior?
What is Inferior?
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What is Medial?
What is Medial?
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What is Lateral?
What is Lateral?
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What is Intermediate?
What is Intermediate?
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What is Proximal?
What is Proximal?
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What is Distal?
What is Distal?
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What is Superficial?
What is Superficial?
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What is Deep?
What is Deep?
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What is Ipsilateral?
What is Ipsilateral?
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What is Contralateral?
What is Contralateral?
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What is Flexion?
What is Flexion?
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What is Extension?
What is Extension?
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What is Adduction?
What is Adduction?
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What is Abduction?
What is Abduction?
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What is Medial Rotation?
What is Medial Rotation?
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What is Lateral Rotation?
What is Lateral Rotation?
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What is Osteology?
What is Osteology?
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What are Bones?
What are Bones?
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What is the Skeletal System?
What is the Skeletal System?
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What is Osseous Tissue?
What is Osseous Tissue?
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What is the Periosteum?
What is the Periosteum?
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What is Endosteum?
What is Endosteum?
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What are Bone Functions?
What are Bone Functions?
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What are bone's main parts?
What are bone's main parts?
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What is the Axial Skeleton?
What is the Axial Skeleton?
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What is the Appendicular Skeleton?
What is the Appendicular Skeleton?
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What are Long Bones?
What are Long Bones?
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What are Short Bones?
What are Short Bones?
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What are Flat Bones?
What are Flat Bones?
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What are Irregular Bones?
What are Irregular Bones?
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What are Pneumatic Bones?
What are Pneumatic Bones?
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What are Sesamoid Bones?
What are Sesamoid Bones?
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What is Arthrologia?
What is Arthrologia?
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What are Joints?
What are Joints?
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What are Joint Classifications?
What are Joint Classifications?
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What are Fibrous Joints?
What are Fibrous Joints?
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What are Cartilaginous Joints?
What are Cartilaginous Joints?
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What are Synovial Joints?
What are Synovial Joints?
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What is Syndesmosis?
What is Syndesmosis?
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What is Sutura?
What is Sutura?
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What is Gomphosis?
What is Gomphosis?
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What are Cartilaginous Joints?
What are Cartilaginous Joints?
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What is Synchodrosis?
What is Synchodrosis?
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What is Symphysis?
What is Symphysis?
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3 Features of Synovial Joints
3 Features of Synovial Joints
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What is Fibrous Membrane?
What is Fibrous Membrane?
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What is Synovial Membrane?
What is Synovial Membrane?
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What are Articular ligaments?
What are Articular ligaments?
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What is Articular disc?
What is Articular disc?
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What is Labrum?
What is Labrum?
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What is Classification of Synovial Joints?
What is Classification of Synovial Joints?
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Feautures joints use for joint stability
Feautures joints use for joint stability
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What is Plane Joints??
What is Plane Joints??
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What is Hinge joints?
What is Hinge joints?
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What are Condyloid joints?
What are Condyloid joints?
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What are Saddle joints?
What are Saddle joints?
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What are Ball and socket joints?
What are Ball and socket joints?
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What are Pivot joints?
What are Pivot joints?
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Study Notes
- Introduction to Human Anatomy (continued)
Bones (Osseous Tissue)
- Osteology is the study of bones.
- Bones are a rigid form of connective tissue and make up the skeleton.
- The supporting framework of the body comprises over 200 bones.
Bone Composition
- Bones are living structures with a blood and nerve supply, notably the Periosteum.
- Living bones possess elasticity from organic matter and rigidity from lamellous structures and inorganic calcium phosphate tubes.
- Bones are comprised of outer (fibrous) and inner (cellular) layers:
- Collagen fibers are continuous with fibers of bone, adjacent joint capsules, and attached tendons/ligaments
Primary Bone Functions
- Protect vital structures.
- Provide support and form a rigid framework.
- Serve as the mechanical basis for movement.
- Facilitate blood cell formation in bone marrow.
- Storage of salts (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) creating a mineral reservoir.
Bone Structure
- Two main components: spongy (cancellous) and compact bone.
- Bones are also classified by their shape:
- Long bones (e.g., humerus, finger bones) possess a shaft and two extremities.
- Short bones (e.g., foot, wrist bones) are more or less cuboidal.
- Flat bones (e.g., calvaria, sternum, scapula) form flat structures.
- Irregular bones (e.g., facial bones, vertebrae) do not fit into the above categories.
- Pneumatic bones (e.g., maxilla, frontal bone) contain air cells or sinuses.
- Sesamoid bones: round or oval nodules that develop in certain tendons (e.g. patella, the largest).
- Acessory bones: develops as a result of additional ossification center or lack of fuse.
Skeletal Divisions
- The skeleton is classified as either Axial or Appendicular:
- The axial skeleton contains the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.
- The appendicular skeleton includes bones of the upper and lower limbs and the associated bones.
- Total bones: 206
- Axial: 80
- Appendicular: 126
- Pectoral girdles: 4
- Clavicle: 2
- Scapula: 2 - Upper limbs: 60
- Humerus: 2
- Radius: 2
- Ulna: 2
- Carpal bones: 16
- Metacarpal bones: 10
- Phalanges: 28 - Pelvic girdles: 2
- Coxa: 2 - Lower limbs: 60
- Femur: 2
- Patella: 2
- Tibia: 2
- Fibula: 2
- Tarsal bones: 14
- Metatarsal bones: 10
- Phalanges: 28
Bone Markings
- Bone surfaces are not smooth; they display elevations, depressions, and holes.
- These surface features are named uniquely to distinguish and define them:
- Linear elevation: line, crest.
- Round elevation: tubercle (small eminence), protuberance (swelling).
- Sharp elevation: spine, process.
- Rounded articular area: head, condyle.
- Facets: areas with a smooth surface where a bone articulates.
- Depressions: fossae (small depression), groove (sulcus, long narrow depressions).
- Foramen: hole.
- Canal: a foramen having length.
- Orifice: opening.
- Meatus: a canal entering a structure.
Joints (Articulations)
- Arthrology is the study of joints.
- Joints are formed where the articular surfaces of two or more bones meet.
- The articular system includes joints and their associated bones and ligaments.
Joint Classification
- Joints classified according to their ability to move:
- Fibrous joints: do not allow movement.
- Cartilaginous joints: permit very limited movement.
- Synovial joints: freely movable joints.
Fibrous Joints Details
- A fibrous connective tissue exists between articular surfaces.
- Syndesmosis: articulating surfaces tightly connected by connective tissue (e.g., distal tibiofibular joint).
- Sutura: found between skull bones.
- Gomphosis: found between the dentures and the alveoles of the upper and lower jaw
Cartilaginous Joints Details
- Cartilaginous tissue lies between articular surfaces, limiting movement.
- Synchodrosis: cartilaginous tissue between surfaces lost over time, limiting movement (e.g., sphenoid-occipital).
- Symphysis: has a fibrocartilaginous disc between surfaces (e.g., joints between vertebrae, symphysis pubis).
Synovial Joints Details
- Synovial joints are often located in the appendicular skeleton, and are categorized as:
- Plane Joint
- Hinge Joint
- Ellipsoid Joint
- Saddle Joint
- Ball and Socket Joint
- Pivot Joints
- They offer more flexibility and a greater range of motion
Synovial Joint Composition
- Have three common characteristics.
- Joint cavity:
- Articular cartilage: articular surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage.
- Articular capsule: surrounds the joints and is formed of two layers.
- Fibrous membrane: protects and firms the joint for stability and is continous with the periosteum
- Synovial Membrane: lines the inner surface of the fibrous membrane but does not cover the articular cartilage and secretes synovial fluid
- Articular capsules strengthened by articular ligaments (dense connective tissue connecting articulating bones):
- Articular ligaments can sometimes limit excessive movements
- Articular ligaments are classified: - Intrensic: the thickening of a portion of the articular capsule - Extrensic
- Articular disc, acts to hold the bones together by attaching a joint to only one of the muscles
- Labrum, some joints have a fibrocartilaginous ring, calls labrym, which deepends the articular surface for bones
Synovial Joint Type Specifications
- Plane Joints, or Uniaxial joints
- Allow for gliding and sliding movements
- Articular Surfacee almost fat
- Acromioclavicular joint, example
- Hinge Joints (ginglymus, trochlear), allow bending and straightening movements around a single transverse axis
- They are uniaxial joints that allow flexation extention -Bones joins the ligaments (elbow and knee joints, examples)
- Condyloid Joints
- Biaxial joints that allow movement on trans.-sagit.
- radiocarpal / metacrpophalyngeal joints, examples
- Saddle Joints, similar to condyloid joints
- The joints resemble a saddle shape - carometacarpal joint of thumb, example
- Ball and Socket Joints are joints with the greatest range of motion
- Multiaxial, moveable around all three axis
- Spheroidal surface: -Shoulder
- Pivot Joints that allow rotation.
- Uniaxial with rotation
- Rounded part of a bone rotates with an osteofibrous structure - Example = prox-dist radioulnar joints
Synovial Composition
- Articular capsules are typically strenghened by articular ligaments, they must:
- Be from dense connective tissues
- Connect the articular bones to each other
- Limit the unseired and/or excessive movements of joints
- Classified: -Intrensic ligaments: with are hickening of a protion of the particular capsule -Extrensic ligaments
Joint Innervation
- Hilton's law: nerves innervating a joint are branches of nerves that innervate the muscles acting on that joint and the sensory areas around the region.
- Nerves transmit impulses regarding proprioception (from the joint capsule) and pain (from the fibrous membrane).
Joint Blood Supply
- A number of vessels supply the blood circulation in a joint.
- These are branches of surrounding vessels.
Joint Stability Factors
- Features preventing joint dislocation include:
- Negative pressure within the joint cavity
- Joint capsule and ligaments
- Muscles and tendons around the joint
- Shapes of the articular surfaces
Muscles
- Myologia is the study of muscles, from the Latin word 'musculus' (mus-mouse).
- Muscles move the skeleton and therefore the body parts.
Muscle Types
- Three primary muscle types include:
- Striated muscle (skeletal muscles): voluntarily controlled, with a few exceptions. Innervated by the somatic nervous system
- Smooth muscle (non-striated): involuntary. Innervated by the autonomoic nervous system
- Cardiac muscle: involuntary. Innervated by the autonomoic nervous system
- Skeletal muscles are formed of fusiform type cells, referred to as muscle fibers.
- Parts of a muscle involve belly (fleshy part) and tendon (aponeurosis in some).
- Tendons attach to bones, cartilage, skin, or superficial fascia.
Origin and Insertion Points
- Origin, remains fixed during a muscle contraction.
- Insertion, moves during a muscle contraction
Muscle Composition
- Have two major parts: -Belly (Fleshy Part) -Tendon (in certain muscles termed as aponeurosis)
Other Muscle Information
- Fasciae: Superficial fascia and deep fascia
- Bursae: Prevents of the friction of tendons from surrounding tissue
Muscle Actions
- When contracted, a decrease in 1/3 or 1/2.
- Action types:
- Isotonic contraction: with a decrease in length
- Isometric contraction: without a decrease in length
- Isotonic contraction: with a decrease in length
- The Force of construction is determined
- The nervous/muscular interaction
- A motor neuron and all the muscle cells (fibers) inervated by this neuron compose a motor unit, there are many motor units in each msucle
-A single motor neuron inervate thoudands of muscle fibers, though smaller for muscles like eye muscles (3-4 fibers)
-Many units does not always contract during contraction
- Terms:
- Prime mover
- Sinergist muscles
- Antagonist Muscles
- Fixator Muscles
- Terms:
Muscle Terminology
- Muscle names are based on shape, location, number of bellies, function, and size.
- rhomboideus major, palmaris longus, biceps brachii, tibialis posterior, flexor carpi ulnaris, teres major-teres minor.
Muscle Actions During Movement
- During a single joint movement, numerous muscles contract:
- Prime mover
- Synergist muscles
- Antagonist muscles
- Fixator muscles
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Description
Lecture notes on human anatomy by Prof. Dr. Alper Atasever. Includes recommended texts, historical context, the definition of anatomy, its importance, and advancements in the field. Gross anatomy involves studying the human body by considering its macroscopic structure and function.
