Introduction to Home Economics

• Home economics is a field of study managing family and individual well-being
• Home economics integrates principles of science, arts, and social sciences
• Home economics covers food and nutrition, textiles, human development, resource management, art, and design

Role and Responsibilities of a Home Economist

• Home economists enhance family and community well-being
• Home economists provide education on health, nutrition, and sustainable living
• Home economists guide resource management (time, money, skills)
• Home economists advocate for consumer rights and informed decision-making
• Home economists are involved in policymaking and research for societal development

Domains of Home Economics

• Food & Nutrition promotes health through balanced diets
• Textile & Clothing focuses on clothing design and fabric use
• Human Development studies growth and behavior across life stages
• Management of Home & Environment organizes and improves living conditions
• Art & Design enhances creativity and aesthetics in daily life

Relation Between Disciplines

• Food & Nutrition supports health and enables productivity
• Textile & Clothing reflects cultural identity and creativity
• Human Development underpins family education and relationships
• Resource Management connects all aspects through effective resource use
• Art & Design adds functionality and aesthetic value to life

Significance of Studying Home Economics

• Home economics promotes sustainable and healthy living
• Home economics prepares people for professional careers
• Home economics helps build stronger family and community structures

Creative Skills Developed

• Interior Decoration involves flower arrangements and creating aesthetic spaces
• Dining Etiquette includes napkin folding and table setting
• Basic Cooking includes fruit and vegetable carving
• Sewing includes fiber characteristics, weaving, and knitting

Income Generation Plan

• Cooking, decoration, and sewing skills can enable small businesses like catering, fashion, or interior design

Better Resource Management

• Efficient use of time, money, and materials at individual, family, and community levels

Preparing for Professions

• Potential careers include Nutritionist/Dietician, Textile/Fashion Designer, Interior Designer, and Early Childhood Educator

Relationship with Other Subjects

• Economics involves budgeting and the efficient use of resources
• Arts enhance creativity and aesthetics
• Civics promotes active family and community roles
• Sociology & Psychology studies family and individual behavior
• Population Education involves family planning and sustainability
• Chemistry & Biological Sciences involves food preparation and textile production
• Mathematics is used in measurements for cooking, budgeting, and design

Roles and Responsibilities of a Home Economist in Family and Community

• A home economist promotes balanced diets, physical fitness, and mental health
• A home economist teaches financial management and skills for income generation
• A home economist encourages sustainable and ethical consumption
• A home economist builds confidence, leadership, and decision-making skills

Differentiating Food, Nutrition, and Nutrients

• Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support, from plant or animal sources
• Nutrition is the process by which living organisms obtain and utilize food for growth, energy, and maintenance
• Nutrients are chemical compounds in food essential for bodily functions, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals

Essential and Non-Essential Nutrients

• Essential Nutrients are nutrients the body cannot synthesize sufficiently and must be obtained from food, like essential amino acids, vitamins, and omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids
• Non-Essential Nutrients are nutrients the body can synthesize from other components of the diet, for example, some amino acids like alanine and glutamine, and cholesterol

Role of Food: As a Source of Energy

• Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins provide energy measured in calories
• Carbohydrates (4 kcal/g) are the primary energy source
• Fats (9 kcal/g) serve as an energy reserve
• Proteins (4 kcal/g) provide energy when carbohydrates and fats are insufficient.
• Adequate intake of vitamins and minerals boosts immunity
• Vitamin C aids immune function, and iron prevents anemia
• A balanced diet helps prevent obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and malnutrition

In Tissue Building and Maintenance

• Proteins aid in the growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues
• Minerals like calcium and phosphorus contribute to bone health
• Water plays a role in cell function and waste elimination

Essential and Non-Essential Nutrients with Food Sources

• Essential Nutrients include carbohydrates like rice, bread, and fruits, as well as proteins like meat, eggs, dairy, and legumes
• Essential Nutrients include fats like nuts, oils, and fish, vitamins like Vitamin C from citrus and Vitamin D from sunlight/dairy, and minerals like iron from spinach, calcium from milk
• Water is also an essential nutrient found in all beverages and high-water-content foods
• Non-Essential Nutrients include cholesterol synthesized by the liver and some amino acids like glutamine and alanine

Factors Affecting Nutrient Requirements at Different Ages

• Infancy requires high fat for brain development
• Preschool requires richness in protein and calcium for growth
• Adolescence requires increased protein, iron, and energy
• Adulthood requires balanced intake for maintenance
• Old Age requires more fiber and calcium for digestion and bone health

Nutrient Requirements Between Genders

• Males need more protein and calories due to muscle mass
• Females require more iron and calcium due to menstruation and bone health

Daily Physical Activity

• More activity requires more calories and protein for muscle repair

During Pregnancy and Lactation

• High intake of iron, folate, calcium, and protein is required to support fetal growth and milk production

Functions, Deficiency, and Excess Use of Nutrients

• Carbohydrates function as a primary energy source, deficiency causes fatigue, dizziness, weakness, ketosis, and excess use causes weight gain and increased risk of diabetes
• Proteins function in tissue repair and enzyme production, deficiency causes muscle wasting, weak immunity, and stunted growth, excess use causes kidney strain and dehydration
• Fats function in energy storage and cell membrane integrity, deficiency causes dry skin, poor temperature regulation, and hormonal imbalance, excess use causes obesity and cardiovascular diseases
• Vitamin A functions in vision and skin health, deficiency causes night blindness and dry skin, and excess use causes liver toxicity and headaches
• Vitamin C functions in immunity and collagen synthesis, deficiency causes scurvy and weak immunity, and excess use causes kidney stones and diarrhea
• Vitamin D functions in bone health and calcium absorption, deficiency causes rickets and osteoporosis, and excess use causes kidney damage and hypercalcemia
• Calcium functions for bone and teeth strength, deficiency causes osteoporosis and brittle bones, and excess use causes kidney stones
• Iron functions in oxygen transport in blood, deficiency causes anemia and fatigue, and excess use causes organ damage and constipation
• Water functions in hydration and waste elimination, deficiency causes dehydration and dizziness, and excess use causes water intoxication and electrolyte imbalance

Definition of Antioxidants

• Antioxidants are compounds that prevent oxidation, reducing damage from free radicals like Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and selenium

Role of Antioxidants in Regulating Body Processes

• Antioxidants protect cells from oxidative stress
• Antioxidants strengthen the immune system
• Antioxidants reduce the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease and cancer

Definition of Malnutrition

• Malnutrition is a condition resulting from an unbalanced diet, either due to deficiency or excess of nutrients.

Causes of Malnutrition in Pakistan and the World

• Poverty and lack of access to nutritious food
• Poor dietary habits and food insecurity
• Lack of nutrition education
• Political instability and natural disasters affecting food supply

Effects of Malnutrition on Physical and Mental Development

• In children malnutrition causes stunted growth, a weakened immune system, and learning difficulties
• In adults, malnutrition causes reduced work productivity and increased susceptibility to diseases
• In the elderly, malnutrition causes muscle wasting and cognitive decline

Definition of Health

• Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease

Role of Diet in Maintaining Health

• Diet provides essential nutrients for body function
• Diet prevents lifestyle diseases like diabetes and heart disease
• Diet supports mental and emotional well-being

Relationship Between Diet and Physical Activity

• Proper nutrition fuels exercise and supports recovery
• A balanced intake of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats optimizes performance
• Hydration is crucial for endurance and muscle function

Nutritional Disorders Related to Food Shortage (Famine)

• Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM): Kwashiorkor and Marasmus
• Vitamin and mineral deficiencies like scurvy, rickets, and anemia
• Increased vulnerability to infections due to weakened immunity

Nutrient Intake Standards

• Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are a set of reference values for nutrient intake
• Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is the average daily intake level sufficient for most healthy individuals
• Adequate Intake (AI) is used when RDA cannot be determined, representing a level assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy
• Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the intake level estimated to meet the needs of 50% of a population group
• Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the maximum daily intake unlikely to cause harmful effects

Importance of Dietary Reference Values (DRVs)

• DRVs help in planning balanced diets for different age groups and genders
• DRVs guide healthcare professionals in preventing deficiencies and excesses
• DRVs ensure nutritional adequacy for pregnant women, children, elderly, and people with specific health conditions

Definition of a Balanced Diet

• A balanced diet provides the right proportion of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals) for optimal body function
• Breakfast example: Whole-grain cereal, milk, and a fruit like an apple
• Lunch example: Grilled chicken, steamed vegetables, and brown rice
• Dinner example: Baked fish, quinoa, and a side of salad:

Balanced Diet vs Unbalanced Diet

• Balanced Diet provides all essential nutrients in appropriate amounts, promotes growth, energy, and disease prevention, and includes a variety of food groups
• Unbalanced Diet lacks or exceeds the required amount of certain nutrients, causes nutrient deficiencies or excess leading to health issues, and often includes excess processed foods or lacks variety

Definition of Unhealthy Food

• Unhealthy food includes foods high in calories, sugar, salt, unhealthy fats, and low in essential nutrients
• Examples of unhealthy foods are chips, sugary drinks, processed snacks, and fried foods

Consequences of Eating Unhealthy Food

• Immediate effects of eating unhealthy food: weight gain or loss of energy and digestive problems
• Long-term effects of eating unhealthy food: increased risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, poor cognitive and physical development in children, and a weakened immune system

Balanced Diet Plan for a Teenager

• Breakfast example: Scrambled eggs, whole-grain toast, a glass of milk, and a banana
• Snack example: Handful of nuts or yogurt
• Lunch example: Grilled chicken sandwich, salad, and a fruit juice
• Snack example: Carrot sticks with hummus
• Dinner example: Lentil soup, brown rice, steamed broccoli, and fruit salad

Five Basic Food Groups

• Grains provide carbohydrates and fiber like bread, rice, and oats
• Fruits are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants like apples and berries
• Vegetables are essential for fiber, vitamins, and minerals like spinach and carrots
• Proteins support tissue building and repair like meat, beans, and eggs
• Dairy is a source of calcium and vitamin D like milk, cheese, and yogurt

My Plate and Food Pyramid

• My Plate is a visual tool dividing a plate into four sections (fruits, vegetables, proteins, grains) with a side for dairy
• Food Pyramid shows a hierarchy of food groups, emphasizing moderation and variety, with grains at the base and fats/sweets at the top

Food Groups as Nutrient Sources

• Grains provide energy (carbohydrates)
• Fruits and Vegetables provide vitamins, minerals, and fiber
• Proteins provide amino acids for muscle and tissue repair
• Dairy provides calcium for bone health
• Fats (limited) provide energy and support for cell function

Definition of Nutritional Needs

• Nutritional needs are the specific quantity and types of nutrients required by an individual to maintain optimal health, growth, and development.

Factors Affecting Nutritional Needs

• Age: Different life stages require varying nutrient levels
• Gender: Men and women have different caloric and nutrient needs
• Activity Level: More active individuals require more energy
• Health Status: Illnesses or conditions like pregnancy increase needs

Nutritional Needs of Different Age Groups

• Infancy requires high energy, protein, and fat for rapid growth and exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months
• Preschool requires a balanced diet for steady growth and cognitive development and small, nutrient-dense meals
• School Age requires increased energy due to activity and growth and an emphasis on proteins, calcium, and iron
• Adolescence requires high caloric intake to support puberty and physical activity, with Iron, calcium, and vitamin D being crucial
• Adulthood (Early, Middle, Old Age):Early Adulthood requires a balanced diet to maintain energy and health, Middle Age requires focus on heart health with limited fats and sugars, and Old Age requires calcium, vitamin D, and fiber to prevent deficiencies and maintain digestion

Special Conditions

• Pregnancy requires extra calories, iron, folic acid, and calcium for fetal development
• Lactation needs include increased calories, protein, and hydration to support milk production

Different Cooking Methods

• Dry Cooking involves cooking without water or liquid using examples such as baking, roasting, and grilling, ideal for foods like bread, cakes, or roasted vegetables
• Moist Cooking involves cooking with water or steam, using examples such as boiling, steaming, and poaching, which is suitable for soups, rice, and vegetables
• Frying involves cooking food in oil or fat, using examples like deep frying, stir-frying, and pan-frying, common for fried chicken, fritters, or stir-fried noodles
• Microwave Cooking involves cooking food using microwaves, using examples like heating leftovers, steaming vegetables, and quick cooking

Effects of Cooking Methods on Nutrient Content

• Dry Cooking retains nutrients like vitamins and minerals, but prolonged heat may destroy sensitive vitamins like vitamin C
• Moist Cooking can cause nutrient loss in water-soluble vitamins (B-complex, C) due to leaching
• Frying adds calories and may degrade heat-sensitive nutrients, so healthy fats should be used to minimize negative effects
• Microwave Cooking retains most nutrients due to shorter cooking times and minimal water usage

Cooking Practices to Minimize Nutrient Loss

• Using steaming or microwaving instead of boiling
• Avoid overcooking vegetables to preserve vitamins
• Use cooking water for soups or stews to retain leached nutrients
• Cut vegetables just before cooking to prevent nutrient loss from exposure to air

Etiquettes of Serving Food

• Serve food in appropriate portions to avoid wastage
• Use clean and presentable serving dishes
• Serve guests or elders first as a sign of respect

Food Service Methods

• Plated Service: Pre-portioned meals served directly on plates
• Family Style: Food placed in serving dishes for diners to serve themselves
• Buffet Style: Food arranged on a table, and diners serve themselves

Setting an Attractive Table

• Use clean tablecloths and napkins
• Place utensils (knife, fork, spoon) in their correct positions
• Add centerpieces like flowers or candles for aesthetics

Importance of Cleanliness in Food Service

• Cleanliness prevents contamination and foodborne illnesses
• Cleanliness maintains a hygienic dining environment
• Cleanliness improves the dining experience

Importance of Proper Food Storage

• Proper food storage prevents wastage and avoids spoilage of food
• Proper food storage minimizes nutrient losses by protecting food from air, light, and moisture which degrade nutrients
• Proper food storage minimizes health hazards as it prevents the growth of harmful bacteria and pests

Food Storage Procedures

• Store perishable items in the refrigerator or freezer
• Keep dry goods in airtight containers
• Label and date stored items to ensure proper usage

Care of Refrigerator and Freezer

• Clean regularly to avoid odors and contamination
• Check and maintain temperature settings (refrigerator: ~4°C, freezer: ~-18°C)
• Avoid overcrowding to allow air circulation

Hazards in the Kitchen

• Fire Hazards: From stoves or electrical appliances
• Slips and Falls: Wet floors or misplaced items
• Cuts and Burns: From knives, hot pots, or spills

Safety Practices to Prevent Accidents

• Keep floors dry and free of clutter
• Use tools (e.g., cutting boards, oven mitts) properly
• Turn off appliances after use
• Wear appropriate clothing (avoid loose sleeves)
• Handle sharp tools carefully
• Use low to medium heat to avoid oil splatters

First Aid for Kitchen Accidents

• For Burns: Cool the area under running water and cover with a clean cloth
• For Cuts: Wash with clean water, apply pressure, and cover with a sterile bandage
• For Falls: Ensure no severe injury before moving the person; seek medical help if needed

Kitchen Safety Symbols

• Flammable indicates items that can catch fire like oil
• Toxic labels harmful cleaning agents
• Fragile is a sign for glass items
• Electrical Hazard indicates the risk of shock

Differentiation Between Growth and Development

• Growth is defined as an increase in physical size; it is quantitative and focuses on physical changes, occurring during specific life stages like childhood
• Development is defined as the progression of skills and abilities, it is qualitative and encompasses overall changes, being mental and emotional, continuing throughout life

Factors Influencing Growth and Development

• Biological Factors include genetics like inherited traits and hormonal changes during puberty
• Environmental Factors include balanced nutrition for proper growth and safe, stimulating surroundings to support development
• Socioeconomic Factors include family income for healthcare, education, and nutrition access and cultural practices that influence learning, behavior, and opportunities
• Psychological Factors include emotional well-being for healthy development and stress and trauma can hinder progress

Growth Patterns of Human Beings

• Cephalocaudal Pattern: Growth begins from the head and moves toward the lower body
• Proximodistal Pattern: Growth starts at the center of the body and extends outward
• Stages of Growth: Rapid growth in height and weight, childhood with steady growth in gross motor skill development and adolescents with puberty-related spurt in cognitive & emotional changes

Principles of Growth and Development

• Continuity: Development is a continuous process from birth to adulthood
• Sequential Development: Growth follows a predictable sequence like a baby crawling before walking
• Individual Differences: Each person grows at their own pace due to genetic and environmental factors
• Holistic Nature: Physical, cognitive, emotional, and social growth are interconnected
• critical Periods: Certain stages like early childhood are crucial for specific developments

Impact of Human Development on Physical and Mental Well-being

• Proper physical growth ensures healthy bones, muscles, and immune function, while delayed growth can result in health challenges like malnutrition or stunted growth
• Emotional and intellectual growth foster self-confidence and resilience, and any developmental delays or adverse experiences can lead to anxiety and depression
• Healthy social development builds communication and interpersonal skills, while poor social development may hinder interactions or career opportunities later in life

Areas of Human Development

• Physical Development is how our body grows and changes over time, including growing taller, gaining weight, and building muscles, and learning to move and control our body
• Cognitive Development focuses on how we think, learn, and understand things
• Socio-Cultural Development is how we connect with others and our culture
• Moral Development is about knowing what is right and wrong and developing values
• Emotional Development is about understanding and handling our feelings

Different Stages of Human Development

• The Neonatal Period (0–1 month) this is the stage right after birth, characterized by Reflexes like sucking and grasping
• Infancy (1–2 years) is marked by physical growth and brain development as babies start crawling, standing, walking, which is also when the development of language starts
• Early Childhood (2–6 years) is also known "preschool years", motor and social skills develop and imagination and curiosity increases
• Late Childhood (6–12 years) is marked by an increase in analytical thinking, improvements in problem-solving, and socialization
• Adolescence (12–18 years) is marked by puberty and is characterized by emotional changes when identity formation becomes a key focus
• Adulthood (18 years and beyond) characterized by increased social responsibilities and physical aging

Characteristics of Each Stage

• Neonatal Period: Basic reflexes (sucking, grasping), limited vision, and response to sounds and touch.
• Infancy: Begins walking and talking, forming strong attachments to caregivers, and exploring surroundings
• Early Childhood: Learns basic self-care, develops creativity and imagination, and starts social interactions
• Late Childhood: Improved motor skills and coordination and an interest in hobbies and academic learning
• Adolescence: Physical growth spurt due to puberty, developing identity and independence, with sensitivity and mood swings
• Adulthood: Fully developed cognitive and emotional skills, establishing career, relationships, and family life

Potential Problems During Adolescence & Early Adulthood with Solutions

• Identity Crisis: Engage in self-exploration, through hobbies, education, and seek mentoring
• Peer Pressure: Develop self-confidence and assertiveness, or seek help from friends or family
• Academic Stress: Manage time, practice relaxation techniques, or seek help from friends or family
• Emotional Changes & Mental Health Issues: Talk to an adult, practice mindfulness, or seek professional help
• Career Confusion: Seek career counseling, internships, and explore different fields
• Financial Independence: Learn financial literacy, create a budget, and save money

Definition of Behaviour

• Behavior is the way someone acts or reacts to situations, influenced by actions, emotions, genetics, environment, and experiences

Differences Between Normal and Deviant Behaviour

• Normal behavior is socially acceptable, helps individuals function and examples includes following rules and expressing actions appropriately
• Deviant behavior goes against social norms, disrupts harmony, and includes aggressive outbursts and criminal activities

Differences Between Behavioural Problems and Behavioural Disorders

• behavioral Problems are temporary and mild, often are because of external factors, mild and attention seeking
• behavioral Disorders are chronic, persistent, and require psychological help, include ADHD, ODD and CD

Types of Behavioral Problems and Disorders

• Behavioral Problems are temporary issues like tantrums, lying, attention-seeking, disobedience, and short-term aggression
• Behavioral Disorders are chronic diagnoses such as attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, COnduct Disorder and Anxiety Disorders

Causes of Behavioural Problems and Disorders

• Biological Causes relate to genetic, brain chemistry and developmental issues
• Environmental Causes relate to family problems, peer pressure, and school stress
• Psychological Causes are related to trauma, low self-esteem, and emotional distress
• Psychological Causes include Bullying, lack of parental guidance and exposure to violence.

Role of Parents, Siblings, Friends, Classmates, and Teachers in Causing Behavioural Problems

• Parents: Harsh discipline, neglect, and lack of support
• Siblings: Rivalry, bullying, and favoritism
• Friends: Negative peer influence encouraging bad habits
• Bullying, exclusion, and peer pressure
• Teachers: Favoritism, excessive academic pressure, and lack of support

Key Roles in identifying Behavior Problems

• Parents: Observing changes in mood, aggression, or withdrawal
• Siblings: Noticing unusual interactions, conflicts, and avoidance
• Peers: Detecting changes in social behavior, isolation, or rebelliousness.

Avoid Negative Behaviour and Reinforce Positive Behaviour

• Reward good behavior in the form of small incentives
• Set clear and consisten rules and expectations
• Encourage emotional expression through communication and ignore attention seeking
• Model Positive Behavior
• Reinforcements

Appropriate Ways to Handle Children with Behavioural Disorders

• Early Intervention if there are behavior disorders
• Therapy and Counseling
• Parent and School Support
• Medication if necessary

Different Types of Parenting Styles with examples

Parenting Style | Characteristics | Example

• ----|-----|-----
• Authoritarian*| High control/ Low warmth, parents set strict rules and expect obedience | A parent punishes a child for breaking curfew without listening their reasoning
• Authoritative*| High control/High warmth, parents encourage independence but set clear/safe rules | A parent discusses curfew rules with their child and explains their reasoning
• Permissive*| Low control/ High warmth, few rules so the child makes their own decisions | A parent allows unlimited screen time and doesn't enforce a bed time
• Neglectful*| Low control/ low warmth, minimal involvement in child's life| A parent is rarely home and does not monitor the child’s education or social life.

Effects of Different Parenting Styles on the Child

Parenting Style | Effects on Child

• ----|-----
• Authoritarian*| Low self-respect, obedient, difficulties in social situations,
• Authoritative*| High self-confidence, good social skills, responsible and independent,
• Permissive*| Impulsive behaviour, lack of discipline, and struggles with authority,
• Neglectful*| poor academic performance, low self-worth and increased mental illness

Effects of Parent-Child Relationship on Child Development

• Emotional Development: Emotional relationships between a Parent/Child can improve the childs performance as they get older
• Social Skills: Parent/Child interaction leads to strong relationships
• Cognitive Growth: Encouragement and guidance leads to the child improving their skills to solve problems
• Harsh parenting may lead to rebllion while warmth encourages discipline

Normal Sibling Relationship

• Love and Support: Help guide each other as they grow and depend on each other
• Rivalry & Competition: Minor conflict but but needs to be addressed
• Shared Experiences: Bond over traditions, shared activities, and more

Effects of Sibling Relationship on Personal Development

• Positive Effects: Build teamwork and increase in social skills
• Negative Effects: Constant conflict increase stress and aggression

Role of Parents in Developing Healthy Sibling Relations

• Avoid favoritism
• Encourage teamwork and shared activities
• Teach conflict resolution skills
• Promote mutual respect and communication

Discuss Peer Relationship

• Peer is someone near your own age that has influence in social life
• Friendships provide comfort, sharing experiences and social skills

Negative and Positive Effects of Peer Pressure

• Positive Effects: encouragement, motivation and support
• Negative Effects: Leads to stress, anxiety, lower self-esteem and rebellious attitudes

Effects of Bullying on the Bully and Victim

Bully | Victim

• ----|----- Becomes aggressive develops tendencies | May face from depression an low self esteem Lacks sympathy and relationships struggle | Avoid social interactions and face academic struggles
• underlying emotional/ family situations and issues to deal with | May experience long trauma and lack of trust

Safe Ways to Deal with School Bullying

• Create awareness of the issues
• Encourage reporting systems in class and encourage being kind to each other
• Enforce anti bullying policies and give a clear consequence, provide counseling for those involved

Roles of Caretakers

• Family Members: provide guidance, a safe env and emotional support
• Maids: Nutrition, ensure hygiene and careful attention
• Day Care Staff: help to promote the childs learning process, safety and emotional dev
• Teachers: encourage academic growth while instilling the need for discipline

Impact of Caretakers on Development

• Child Development: a love and support system where the caregiver shows trust and respect
• Well being of those of older age: support and care improves mental performance and emotional health to make them feel safe

Different types of Disorders or Behavior Issues: short term vs long term issues that impact behavior

• most of the time a single traumatic/ unique experience/behavior is a short term issue
• Long term effects indicate deeper underlying issues